Preserve VFS exceptions during SQLite open

[jtolio]

Capture directory VFS exceptions raised by sqlite3_open_v2() and rethrow the original exception with its stack instead of replacing it with SQLite's generic open error.

[ask-bonk]

LGTM!

github run

[shrima-cf]

LGTM

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 76.19048% with 5 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 35.65%. Comparing base (bc9a0fb) to head (874ce3a).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/workerd/util/sqlite-test.c++	72.22%	0 Missing and 5 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@                      Coverage Diff                      @@
##           jolio/tag-sqlite-e-3ybjsg    #7151      +/-   ##
=============================================================
- Coverage                      35.65%   35.65%   -0.01%     
=============================================================
  Files                            814      814              
  Lines                         258962   258980      +18     
  Branches                       19578    19581       +3     
=============================================================
+ Hits                           92329    92330       +1     
- Misses                        155572   155583      +11     
- Partials                       11061    11067       +6     

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