`adjoint-lowering` pass is unable to handle non-`Quantum` dialect ops

[dime10]

Following on from #2932, the same test case reveals a different error due to the algorithm being written to only handle quantum dialect ops. If the user converts to the PBC dialect, the pass will fail.

@qp.qjit
@qp.transforms.ppr_to_ppm
@qp.transforms.to_ppr
@qp.qnode(qp.device("null.qubit", wires=1))
def circuit():
   qp.adjoint(lambda: qp.S(0))()
   return qp.probs()

catalyst.utils.exceptions.CompileError: catalyst failed with error code -6: Assertion failed: (result && "expected 'from' to be contained within the map"), function lookup, file IRMapping.h, line 74.

[dime10]

We need to tighten our input requirements here at the start of the PBC conversion, so that we don't allow unexpected ops through the pass (e.g. a quantum.adjoint op) and raise a clear error message, rather than failing later. For this particular example above, adjoint lowering cannot happen once PPMs are generated.

[mvanhorn]

Opened #3020 to address this. It adds an input-validation guard at the start of the ppr-to-ppm pass that rejects a quantum.adjoint region with a clear diagnostic (instead of the later IRMapping assertion), following @dime10's suggestion to tighten the pass's input requirements up front since the generated Pauli product measurements cannot be adjoint-lowered.