diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 2ecced23f..4388dd3b4 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ gemfile:
   - gemfiles/3.2.gemfile
   - gemfiles/4.1.gemfile
   - gemfiles/4.2.gemfile
+  - gemfiles/3.2.awsv1.gemfile
+  - gemfiles/4.1.awsv1.gemfile
+  - gemfiles/4.2.awsv1.gemfile
 
 matrix:
   fast_finish: true
diff --git a/Appraisals b/Appraisals
index 153c8f6e3..d8ec05c9e 100644
--- a/Appraisals
+++ b/Appraisals
@@ -1,11 +1,29 @@
 appraise "3.2" do
   gem "rails", "~> 3.2.0"
+  gem "aws-sdk", "~> 2.0"
 end
 
 appraise "4.1" do
   gem "rails", "~> 4.1.0"
+  gem "aws-sdk", "~> 2.0"
 end
 
 appraise "4.2" do
   gem "rails", "~> 4.2.0"
+  gem "aws-sdk", "~> 2.0"
+end
+
+appraise "3.2.awsv1" do
+  gem "rails", "~> 3.2.0"
+  gem "aws-sdk", "~> 1.5"
+end
+
+appraise "4.1.awsv1" do
+  gem "rails", "~> 4.1.0"
+  gem "aws-sdk", "~> 1.5"
+end
+
+appraise "4.2.awsv1" do
+  gem "rails", "~> 4.2.0"
+  gem "aws-sdk", "~> 1.5"
 end
diff --git a/features/basic_integration.feature b/features/basic_integration.feature
index f61e71aa4..0e34456dc 100644
--- a/features/basic_integration.feature
+++ b/features/basic_integration.feature
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ Feature: Rails integration
       bucket: paperclip
       access_key_id: access_key
       secret_access_key: secret_key
+      s3_region: us-west-2
       """
     And I start the rails application
     When I go to the new user page
diff --git a/features/step_definitions/s3_steps.rb b/features/step_definitions/s3_steps.rb
index 2ae69533a..af2bfee0c 100644
--- a/features/step_definitions/s3_steps.rb
+++ b/features/step_definitions/s3_steps.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 When /^I attach the file "([^"]*)" to "([^"]*)" on S3$/ do |file_path, field|
   definition = Paperclip::AttachmentRegistry.definitions_for(User)[field.downcase.to_sym]
-  path = "https://paperclip.s3.amazonaws.com#{definition[:path]}"
+  path = if defined?(::AWS)
+    "https://paperclip.s3.amazonaws.com#{definition[:path]}"
+  else
+    "https://paperclip.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com#{definition[:path]}"
+  end
   path.gsub!(':filename', File.basename(file_path))
   path.gsub!(/:([^\/\.]+)/) do |match|
     "([^\/\.]+)"
   end
-  FakeWeb.register_uri(:put, Regexp.new(path), :body => "OK")
+  FakeWeb.register_uri(:put, Regexp.new(path), :body => defined?(::AWS) ? "OK" : "<xml></xml>")
   step "I attach the file \"#{file_path}\" to \"#{field}\""
 end
 
diff --git a/gemfiles/3.2.awsv1.gemfile b/gemfiles/3.2.awsv1.gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b79f2906c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gemfiles/3.2.awsv1.gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# This file was generated by Appraisal
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.8", :platforms => :ruby
+gem "jruby-openssl", :platforms => :jruby
+gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter", :platforms => :jruby
+gem "rubysl", :platforms => :rbx
+gem "racc", :platforms => :rbx
+gem "pry"
+gem "rails", "~> 3.2.0"
+gem "aws-sdk", "~> 1.5"
+
+group :development, :test do
+  gem "mime-types", "~> 1.16"
+  gem "builder"
+  gem "rubocop", :require => false
+end
+
+gemspec :path => "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/3.2.gemfile b/gemfiles/3.2.gemfile
index 4e7c4bcc7..5d861102e 100644
--- a/gemfiles/3.2.gemfile
+++ b/gemfiles/3.2.gemfile
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ gem "rubysl", :platforms => :rbx
 gem "racc", :platforms => :rbx
 gem "pry"
 gem "rails", "~> 3.2.0"
+gem "aws-sdk", "~> 2.0"
 
 group :development, :test do
   gem "mime-types", "~> 1.16"
diff --git a/gemfiles/4.1.awsv1.gemfile b/gemfiles/4.1.awsv1.gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3bab0bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gemfiles/4.1.awsv1.gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# This file was generated by Appraisal
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.8", :platforms => :ruby
+gem "jruby-openssl", :platforms => :jruby
+gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter", :platforms => :jruby
+gem "rubysl", :platforms => :rbx
+gem "racc", :platforms => :rbx
+gem "pry"
+gem "rails", "~> 4.1.0"
+gem "aws-sdk", "~> 1.5"
+
+group :development, :test do
+  gem "mime-types", "~> 1.16"
+  gem "builder"
+  gem "rubocop", :require => false
+end
+
+gemspec :path => "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/4.1.gemfile b/gemfiles/4.1.gemfile
index 68fd6a752..609f8bec4 100644
--- a/gemfiles/4.1.gemfile
+++ b/gemfiles/4.1.gemfile
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ gem "rubysl", :platforms => :rbx
 gem "racc", :platforms => :rbx
 gem "pry"
 gem "rails", "~> 4.1.0"
+gem "aws-sdk", "~> 2.0"
 
 group :development, :test do
   gem "mime-types", "~> 1.16"
diff --git a/gemfiles/4.2.awsv1.gemfile b/gemfiles/4.2.awsv1.gemfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d521bb363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gemfiles/4.2.awsv1.gemfile
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# This file was generated by Appraisal
+
+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+gem "sqlite3", "~> 1.3.8", :platforms => :ruby
+gem "jruby-openssl", :platforms => :jruby
+gem "activerecord-jdbcsqlite3-adapter", :platforms => :jruby
+gem "rubysl", :platforms => :rbx
+gem "racc", :platforms => :rbx
+gem "pry"
+gem "rails", "~> 4.2.0"
+gem "aws-sdk", "~> 1.5"
+
+group :development, :test do
+  gem "mime-types", "~> 1.16"
+  gem "builder"
+  gem "rubocop", :require => false
+end
+
+gemspec :path => "../"
diff --git a/gemfiles/4.2.gemfile b/gemfiles/4.2.gemfile
index 0fdd126c1..3ac60abcd 100644
--- a/gemfiles/4.2.gemfile
+++ b/gemfiles/4.2.gemfile
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ gem "rubysl", :platforms => :rbx
 gem "racc", :platforms => :rbx
 gem "pry"
 gem "rails", "~> 4.2.0"
+gem "aws-sdk", "~> 2.0"
 
 group :development, :test do
   gem "mime-types", "~> 1.16"
diff --git a/lib/paperclip/storage/s3.rb b/lib/paperclip/storage/s3.rb
index 24ad73dbf..5fa6f6327 100644
--- a/lib/paperclip/storage/s3.rb
+++ b/lib/paperclip/storage/s3.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module Storage
     # * +s3_permissions+: This is a String that should be one of the "canned" access
     #   policies that S3 provides (more information can be found here:
     #   http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/ACLOverview.html)
-    #   The default for Paperclip is :public_read.
+    #   The default for Paperclip is :public_read (aws-sdk v1) / public-read (aws-sdk v2).
     #
     #   You can set permission on a per style bases by doing the following:
     #     :s3_permissions => {
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ module Storage
     #   S3 (strictly speaking) does not support directories, you can still use a / to
     #   separate parts of your file name.
     # * +s3_host_name+: If you are using your bucket in Tokyo region etc, write host_name.
+    # * +s3_region+: For aws-sdk v2, s3_region is required.
     # * +s3_metadata+: These key/value pairs will be stored with the
     #   object.  This option works by prefixing each key with
     #   "x-amz-meta-" before sending it as a header on the object
@@ -114,20 +115,26 @@ module S3
       def self.extended base
         begin
           require 'aws-sdk'
+          const_set('AWS_CLASS', defined?(::Aws) ? ::Aws : ::AWS)
+          const_set('AWS_BASE_ERROR',
+            defined?(::Aws) ? Aws::Errors::ServiceError : AWS::Errors::Base)
+          const_set('DEFAULT_PERMISSION',
+            defined?(::AWS) ? :public_read : :'public-read')
+
         rescue LoadError => e
           e.message << " (You may need to install the aws-sdk gem)"
           raise e
-        end unless defined?(AWS::Core)
+        end unless defined?(AWS_CLASS)
 
         # Overriding log formatter to make sure it return a UTF-8 string
-        if defined?(AWS::Core::LogFormatter)
-          AWS::Core::LogFormatter.class_eval do
+        if defined?(AWS_CLASS::Core::LogFormatter)
+          AWS_CLASS::Core::LogFormatter.class_eval do
             def summarize_hash(hash)
               hash.map { |key, value| ":#{key}=>#{summarize_value(value)}".force_encoding('UTF-8') }.sort.join(',')
             end
           end
-        elsif defined?(AWS::Core::ClientLogging)
-          AWS::Core::ClientLogging.class_eval do
+        elsif defined?(AWS_CLASS::Core::ClientLogging)
+          AWS_CLASS::Core::ClientLogging.class_eval do
             def sanitize_hash(hash)
               hash.map { |key, value| "#{sanitize_value(key)}=>#{sanitize_value(value)}".force_encoding('UTF-8') }.sort.join(',')
             end
@@ -141,7 +148,7 @@ def sanitize_hash(hash)
             Proc.new do |style, attachment|
               permission  = (@s3_permissions[style.to_s.to_sym] || @s3_permissions[:default])
               permission  = permission.call(attachment, style) if permission.respond_to?(:call)
-              (permission == :public_read) ? 'http' : 'https'
+              (permission == DEFAULT_PERMISSION) ? 'http' : 'https'
             end
           @s3_metadata = @options[:s3_metadata] || {}
           @s3_headers = {}
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@ def sanitize_hash(hash)
 
           @s3_storage_class = set_storage_class(@options[:s3_storage_class])
 
-          @s3_server_side_encryption = :aes256
+          @s3_server_side_encryption = "AES256"
           if @options[:s3_server_side_encryption].blank?
             @s3_server_side_encryption = false
           end
@@ -182,8 +189,13 @@ def sanitize_hash(hash)
 
       def expiring_url(time = 3600, style_name = default_style)
         if path(style_name)
-          base_options = { :expires => time, :secure => use_secure_protocol?(style_name) }
-          s3_object(style_name).url_for(:read, base_options.merge(s3_url_options)).to_s
+          if aws_v1?
+            base_options = { :expires => time, :secure => use_secure_protocol?(style_name) }
+            s3_object(style_name).url_for(:read, base_options.merge(s3_url_options)).to_s
+          else
+            base_options = { :expires_in => time }
+            s3_object(style_name).presigned_url(:get, base_options.merge(s3_url_options)).to_s
+          end
         else
           url(style_name)
         end
@@ -200,6 +212,13 @@ def s3_host_name
         host_name || s3_credentials[:s3_host_name] || "s3.amazonaws.com"
       end
 
+      def s3_region
+        region = @options[:s3_region]
+        region = region.call(self) if region.is_a?(Proc)
+
+        region || s3_credentials[:s3_region]
+      end
+
       def s3_host_alias
         @s3_host_alias = @options[:s3_host_alias]
         @s3_host_alias = @s3_host_alias.call(self) if @s3_host_alias.respond_to?(:call)
@@ -220,7 +239,11 @@ def bucket_name
 
       def s3_interface
         @s3_interface ||= begin
-          config = { :s3_endpoint => s3_host_name }
+          config = if aws_v1?
+            { :s3_endpoint => s3_host_name }
+          else
+            { :region => s3_region }
+          end
 
           if using_http_proxy?
 
@@ -234,7 +257,7 @@ def s3_interface
             config[:proxy_uri] = URI::HTTP.build(proxy_opts)
           end
 
-          [:access_key_id, :secret_access_key, :credential_provider].each do |opt|
+          [:access_key_id, :secret_access_key, :credential_provider, :credentials].each do |opt|
             config[opt] = s3_credentials[opt] if s3_credentials[opt]
           end
 
@@ -244,15 +267,31 @@ def s3_interface
 
       def obtain_s3_instance_for(options)
         instances = (Thread.current[:paperclip_s3_instances] ||= {})
-        instances[options] ||= AWS::S3.new(options)
+        instances[options] ||= if aws_v1?
+          AWS_CLASS::S3.new(options)
+        else
+          AWS_CLASS::S3::Resource.new(options)
+        end
       end
 
       def s3_bucket
-        @s3_bucket ||= s3_interface.buckets[bucket_name]
+        @s3_bucket ||= if aws_v1?
+          s3_interface.buckets[bucket_name]
+        else
+          s3_interface.bucket(bucket_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def style_name_as_path(style_name)
+        path(style_name).sub(%r{\A/},'')
       end
 
       def s3_object style_name = default_style
-        s3_bucket.objects[path(style_name).sub(%r{\A/},'')]
+        if aws_v1?
+          s3_bucket.objects[style_name_as_path(style_name)]
+        else
+          s3_bucket.object(style_name_as_path(style_name))
+        end
       end
 
       def using_http_proxy?
@@ -277,7 +316,7 @@ def http_proxy_password
 
       def set_permissions permissions
         permissions = { :default => permissions } unless permissions.respond_to?(:merge)
-        permissions.merge :default => (permissions[:default] || :public_read)
+        permissions.merge :default => (permissions[:default] || DEFAULT_PERMISSION)
       end
 
       def set_storage_class(storage_class)
@@ -297,7 +336,7 @@ def exists?(style = default_style)
         else
           false
         end
-      rescue AWS::Errors::Base => e
+      rescue AWS_BASE_ERROR => e
         false
       end
 
@@ -323,7 +362,11 @@ def s3_protocol(style = default_style, with_colon = false)
       end
 
       def create_bucket
-        s3_interface.buckets.create(bucket_name)
+        if aws_v1?
+          s3_interface.buckets.create(bucket_name)
+        else
+          s3_interface.bucket(bucket_name).create
+        end
       end
 
       def flush_writes #:nodoc:
@@ -356,11 +399,15 @@ def flush_writes #:nodoc:
             write_options[:metadata] = @s3_metadata unless @s3_metadata.empty?
             write_options.merge!(@s3_headers)
 
-            s3_object(style).write(file, write_options)
-          rescue AWS::S3::Errors::NoSuchBucket
+            if aws_v1?
+              s3_object(style).write(file, write_options)
+            else
+              s3_object(style).upload_file(file.path, write_options)
+            end
+          rescue AWS_CLASS::S3::Errors::NoSuchBucket
             create_bucket
             retry
-          rescue AWS::S3::Errors::SlowDown
+          rescue AWS_CLASS::S3::Errors::SlowDown
             retries += 1
             if retries <= 5
               sleep((2 ** retries) * 0.5)
@@ -382,8 +429,12 @@ def flush_deletes #:nodoc:
         @queued_for_delete.each do |path|
           begin
             log("deleting #{path}")
-            s3_bucket.objects[path.sub(%r{\A/},'')].delete
-          rescue AWS::Errors::Base => e
+            if aws_v1?
+              s3_bucket.objects[path.sub(%r{\A/},'')]
+            else
+              s3_bucket.object(path.sub(%r{\A/},''))
+            end.delete
+          rescue AWS_BASE_ERROR => e
             # Ignore this.
           end
         end
@@ -393,17 +444,21 @@ def flush_deletes #:nodoc:
       def copy_to_local_file(style, local_dest_path)
         log("copying #{path(style)} to local file #{local_dest_path}")
         ::File.open(local_dest_path, 'wb') do |local_file|
-          s3_object(style).read do |chunk|
+          s3_object(style).send(aws_v1? ? :read : :get) do |chunk|
             local_file.write(chunk)
           end
         end
-      rescue AWS::Errors::Base => e
+      rescue AWS_BASE_ERROR => e
         warn("#{e} - cannot copy #{path(style)} to local file #{local_dest_path}")
         false
       end
 
       private
 
+      def aws_v1?
+        Gem::Version.new(AWS_CLASS::VERSION) < Gem::Version.new(2)
+      end
+
       def find_credentials creds
         case creds
         when File
diff --git a/paperclip.gemspec b/paperclip.gemspec
index b5115586f..9ea052cae 100644
--- a/paperclip.gemspec
+++ b/paperclip.gemspec
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.add_development_dependency('rspec')
   s.add_development_dependency('appraisal')
   s.add_development_dependency('mocha')
-  s.add_development_dependency('aws-sdk', '>= 1.5.7', "<= 2.0")
+  s.add_development_dependency('aws-sdk', '>= 1.5.7', "< 3.0")
   s.add_development_dependency('bourne')
   s.add_development_dependency('cucumber', '~> 1.3.18')
   s.add_development_dependency('aruba')
diff --git a/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_live_spec.rb b/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_live_spec.rb
index f4304aa5b..402bcd0f9 100644
--- a/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_live_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_live_spec.rb
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
                       storage: :s3,
                       bucket: ENV["S3_BUCKET"],
                       path: ":class/:attachment/:id/:style.:extension",
+                      s3_region: ENV["S3_REGION"],
                       s3_credentials: {
                         aws_access_key_id: ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'],
                         aws_secre_access_key: ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
                       storage: :s3,
                       bucket: ENV["S3_BUCKET"],
                       path: ":class/:attachment/:id/:style.:extension",
+                      s3_region: ENV["S3_REGION"],
                       s3_credentials: {
                         aws_access_key_id: ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'],
                         aws_secre_access_key: ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@
                       storage: :s3,
                       bucket: ENV["S3_BUCKET"],
                       path: ":class/:attachment/:id/:style.:extension",
+                      s3_region: ENV["S3_REGION"],
                       s3_credentials: {
                         aws_access_key_id: ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'],
                         aws_secre_access_key: ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@
         rebuild_model styles: { thumb: "100x100", square: "32x32#" },
           storage: :s3,
           bucket: ENV["S3_BUCKET"],
+          s3_region: ENV["S3_REGION"],
           s3_credentials: {
             aws_access_key_id: ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'],
             aws_secre_access_key: ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@
       it "is destroyable" do
         url = @dummy.avatar.url
         @dummy.destroy
-        assert_not_found_response url
+        assert_forbidden_response url
       end
     end
 
@@ -146,12 +150,12 @@
                       storage: :s3,
                       bucket: ENV["S3_BUCKET"],
                       path: ":class/:attachment/:id/:style.:extension",
+                      s3_region: ENV["S3_REGION"],
                       s3_credentials: {
                         aws_access_key_id: ENV['AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID'],
                         aws_secre_access_key: ENV['AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY']
                       },
-                      s3_server_side_encryption: :aes256
-
+                      s3_server_side_encryption: "AES256"
         Dummy.delete_all
         @dummy = Dummy.new
       end
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@
           end
 
           it "is encrypted on S3" do
-            assert @dummy.avatar.s3_object.server_side_encryption == :aes256
+            assert @dummy.avatar.s3_object.server_side_encryption == "AES256"
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_spec.rb b/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_spec.rb
index e29a17d45..c361bfc35 100644
--- a/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/paperclip/storage/s3_spec.rb
@@ -3,17 +3,24 @@
 
 describe Paperclip::Storage::S3 do
   before do
-    AWS.stub!
+    if defined?(::Aws)
+      Aws.config[:stub_responses] = true
+    else
+      AWS.stub!
+    end
+  end
+
+  def aws2_add_region
+    defined?(::Aws) ? { s3_region: 'us-east-1' } : {}
   end
 
   context "Parsing S3 credentials" do
     before do
       @proxy_settings = {host: "127.0.0.1", port: 8888, user: "foo", password: "bar"}
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         http_proxy: @proxy_settings,
         s3_credentials: {not: :important}
-
       @dummy = Dummy.new
       @avatar = @dummy.avatar
     end
@@ -55,7 +62,8 @@
   context ":bucket option via :s3_credentials" do
 
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3, s3_credentials: {bucket: 'testing'}
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+        s3_credentials: {bucket: 'testing'}
       @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
@@ -68,7 +76,8 @@
   context ":bucket option" do
 
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3, bucket: "testing", s3_credentials: {}
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+        bucket: "testing", s3_credentials: {}
       @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
@@ -81,7 +90,7 @@
   context "missing :bucket option" do
 
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         http_proxy: @proxy_settings,
         s3_credentials: {not: :important}
 
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@
 
   context "" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         bucket: "bucket",
         path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
@@ -125,8 +134,8 @@
     ["http", :http, ""].each do |protocol|
       context "as #{protocol.inspect}" do
         before do
-          rebuild_model storage: :s3, s3_protocol: protocol
-
+          rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+            s3_protocol: protocol
           @dummy = Dummy.new
         end
 
@@ -139,7 +148,7 @@
 
   context "s3_protocol: 'https'" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         s3_protocol: 'https',
         bucket: "bucket",
@@ -156,7 +165,7 @@
 
   context "s3_protocol: ''" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         s3_protocol: '',
         bucket: "bucket",
@@ -173,7 +182,7 @@
 
   context "s3_protocol: :https" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         s3_protocol: :https,
         bucket: "bucket",
@@ -190,7 +199,7 @@
 
   context "s3_protocol: ''" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         s3_protocol: '',
         bucket: "bucket",
@@ -207,7 +216,7 @@
 
   context "An attachment that uses S3 for storage and has the style in the path" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         styles: {
@@ -232,13 +241,23 @@
     end
   end
 
+  # if using aws-sdk-v2, the s3_host_name will be defined by the s3_region
   context "s3_host_name" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
-        s3_credentials: {},
-        bucket: "bucket",
-        path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
-        s3_host_name: "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com"
+      if defined?(::Aws)
+        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+          s3_credentials: {},
+          bucket: "bucket",
+          path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
+          s3_host_name: "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com",
+          s3_region: "ap-northeast-1"
+      else
+        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+          s3_credentials: {},
+          bucket: "bucket",
+          path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
+          s3_host_name: "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com"
+      end
       @dummy = Dummy.new
       @dummy.avatar = stringy_file
       @dummy.stubs(:new_record?).returns(false)
@@ -249,13 +268,16 @@
     end
 
     it "uses the S3 bucket with the correct host name" do
-      assert_equal "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com", @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+      assert_equal "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com",
+        (defined?(::Aws) ?
+          @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.endpoint.host :
+          @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint)
     end
   end
 
   context "dynamic s3_host_name" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         bucket: "bucket",
         path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
@@ -276,8 +298,8 @@ class << @dummy
 
   context "An attachment that uses S3 for storage and has styles that return different file types" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model styles: { large: ['500x500#', :jpg] },
-        storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+        styles: { large: ['500x500#', :jpg] },
         bucket: "bucket",
         path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -311,8 +333,10 @@ class << @dummy
 
   context "An attachment that uses S3 for storage and has a proc for styles" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model styles: lambda { |attachment| attachment.instance.counter; {thumbnail: { geometry: "50x50#", s3_headers: {'Cache-Control' => 'max-age=31557600'}} }},
-        storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+        styles: lambda { |attachment| attachment.instance.counter
+          {thumbnail: { geometry: "50x50#",
+                        s3_headers: {'Cache-Control' => 'max-age=31557600'}} }},
         bucket: "bucket",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -336,8 +360,15 @@ def counter
         object = stub
         @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(:original).returns(object)
         @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(:thumbnail).returns(object)
-        object.expects(:write).with(anything, content_type: 'image/png', acl: :public_read)
-        object.expects(:write).with(anything, content_type: 'image/png', acl: :public_read, cache_control: 'max-age=31557600')
+
+        object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+          .with(anything, content_type: 'image/png',
+                acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION)
+
+        object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+          .with(anything, content_type: 'image/png',
+                acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                cache_control: 'max-age=31557600')
         @dummy.save
     end
 
@@ -351,8 +382,8 @@ def counter
   context "An attachment that uses S3 for storage and has spaces in file name" do
     before do
       rebuild_model(
+        (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         styles: { large: ["500x500#", :jpg] },
-        storage: :s3,
         bucket: "bucket",
         s3_credentials: { "access_key_id" => "12345",
                           "secret_access_key" => "54321" }
@@ -376,8 +407,8 @@ def counter
 
   context "An attachment that uses S3 for storage and has a question mark in file name" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model styles: { large: ['500x500#', :jpg] },
-        storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+        styles: { large: ['500x500#', :jpg] },
         bucket: "bucket",
         s3_credentials: {
           'access_key_id' => "12345",
@@ -408,7 +439,7 @@ def original_filename
 
   context "" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         bucket: "bucket",
         path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
@@ -426,7 +457,7 @@ def original_filename
   context "" do
     before do
       rebuild_model(
-        storage: :s3,
+        (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {
           production: { bucket: "prod_bucket" },
           development: { bucket: "dev_bucket" }
@@ -448,7 +479,7 @@ def original_filename
 
   context "generating a url with a proc as the host alias" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: { bucket: "prod_bucket" },
         s3_host_alias: Proc.new{|atch| "cdn#{atch.instance.counter % 4}.example.com"},
         path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
@@ -478,7 +509,7 @@ def counter
 
   context "" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {},
         bucket: "bucket",
         path: ":attachment/:basename:dotextension",
@@ -509,7 +540,7 @@ def counter
           url: ":s3_alias_url"
         }
 
-        rebuild_model base_options.merge(options)
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge base_options.merge(options)
       }
     end
 
@@ -522,8 +553,12 @@ def counter
 
         object = stub
         @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-        object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 3600, secure: true)
 
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          object.expects(:presigned_url).with(:get, expires_in: 3600)
+        else
+          object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 3600, secure: true)
+        end
         @dummy.avatar.expiring_url
       end
     end
@@ -537,8 +572,15 @@ def counter
 
         object = stub
         @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-        object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 3600, secure: true, response_content_disposition: "inline")
-
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          object.expects(:presigned_url)
+            .with(:get, expires_in: 3600,
+                  response_content_disposition: "inline")
+        else
+          object.expects(:url_for)
+            .with(:read, expires: 3600, secure: true,
+                  response_content_disposition: "inline")
+        end
         @dummy.avatar.expiring_url
       end
     end
@@ -559,8 +601,14 @@ def counter
 
         object = stub
         @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-        object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 3600, secure: true, response_content_type: "image/png")
-
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          object.expects(:presigned_url)
+            .with(:get, expires_in: 3600, response_content_type: "image/png")
+        else
+          object.expects(:url_for)
+            .with(:read, expires: 3600, secure: true,
+                  response_content_type: "image/png")
+        end
         @dummy.avatar.expiring_url
       end
     end
@@ -588,15 +636,15 @@ def counter
 
   context "Generating a url with an expiration for each style" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {
-        production: { bucket: "prod_bucket" },
-        development: { bucket: "dev_bucket" }
-      },
-      s3_permissions: :private,
-      s3_host_alias: "something.something.com",
-      path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
-      url: ":s3_alias_url"
+          production: { bucket: "prod_bucket" },
+          development: { bucket: "dev_bucket" }
+        },
+        s3_permissions: :private,
+        s3_host_alias: "something.something.com",
+        path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
+        url: ":s3_alias_url"
 
       rails_env("production") do
         @dummy = Dummy.new
@@ -607,26 +655,34 @@ def counter
     it "generates a url for the thumb" do
       object = stub
       @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(:thumb).returns(object)
-      object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 1800, secure: true)
+      if defined?(::Aws)
+        object.expects(:presigned_url).with(:get, expires_in: 1800)
+      else
+        object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 1800, secure: true)
+      end
       @dummy.avatar.expiring_url(1800, :thumb)
     end
 
     it "generates a url for the default style" do
       object = stub
       @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(:original).returns(object)
-      object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 1800, secure: true)
+      if defined?(::Aws)
+        object.expects(:presigned_url).with(:get, expires_in: 1800)
+      else
+        object.expects(:url_for).with(:read, expires: 1800, secure: true)
+      end
       @dummy.avatar.expiring_url(1800)
     end
   end
 
   context "Parsing S3 credentials with a bucket in them" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         s3_credentials: {
-        production: { bucket: "prod_bucket" },
-        development: { bucket: "dev_bucket" }
-      }
-        @dummy = Dummy.new
+          production: { bucket: "prod_bucket" },
+          development: { bucket: "dev_bucket" }
+        }
+      @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
     it "gets the right bucket in production" do
@@ -644,47 +700,81 @@ def counter
     end
   end
 
+  # for aws-sdk-v2 the bucket.name is determined by the :s3_region
   context "Parsing S3 credentials with a s3_host_name in them" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
-        bucket: 'testing',
-        s3_credentials: {
-          production: { s3_host_name: "s3-world-end.amazonaws.com" },
-          development: { s3_host_name: "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com" }
-        }
-        @dummy = Dummy.new
+      if defined?(::Aws)
+        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+          bucket: 'testing',
+          s3_credentials: {
+          production: {
+            s3_region: "world-end",
+            s3_host_name: "s3-world-end.amazonaws.com" },
+          development: {
+            s3_region: "ap-northeast-1",
+            s3_host_name: "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com" }
+          }
+      else
+        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+          bucket: 'testing',
+          s3_credentials: {
+            production: { s3_host_name: "s3-world-end.amazonaws.com" },
+            development: { s3_host_name: "s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com" }
+          }
+      end
+      @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
     it "gets the right s3_host_name in production" do
       rails_env("production") do
         assert_match %r{^s3-world-end.amazonaws.com}, @dummy.avatar.s3_host_name
-        assert_match %r{^s3-world-end.amazonaws.com}, @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          assert_match %r{^s3.world-end.amazonaws.com},
+            @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.endpoint.host
+        else
+          assert_match %r{^s3-world-end.amazonaws.com},
+            @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+        end
       end
     end
 
     it "gets the right s3_host_name in development" do
       rails_env("development") do
         assert_match %r{^s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com}, @dummy.avatar.s3_host_name
-        assert_match %r{^s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com}, @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          assert_match %r{^s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com},
+            @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.endpoint.host
+        else
+          assert_match %r{^s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com},
+            @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+        end
       end
     end
 
     it "gets the right s3_host_name if the key does not exist" do
       rails_env("test") do
         assert_match %r{^s3.amazonaws.com}, @dummy.avatar.s3_host_name
-        assert_match %r{^s3.amazonaws.com}, @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          # :s3_region is *required* for aws-sdk-v2
+          assert_raises(Aws::Errors::MissingRegionError) do
+            @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.endpoint.host
+          end
+        else
+          assert_match %r{^s3.amazonaws.com},
+            @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.s3_endpoint
+        end
       end
     end
   end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
-          aws_access_key_id: "12345",
-          aws_secret_access_key: "54321"
+          access_key_id: "12345",
+          secret_access_key: "54321"
         }
     end
 
@@ -714,15 +804,22 @@ def counter
 
       it "is rewound after flush_writes" do
         @dummy.avatar.instance_eval "def after_flush_writes; end"
-        @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(stub(write: true))
-
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(stub(upload_file: true))
+        else
+          @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(stub(write: true))
+        end
         files = @dummy.avatar.queued_for_write.values.each(&:read)
         @dummy.save
         assert files.none?(&:eof?), "Expect all the files to be rewound."
       end
 
       it "is removed after after_flush_writes" do
-        @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(stub(write: true))
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(stub(upload_file: true))
+        else
+          @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(stub(write: true))
+        end
         paths = @dummy.avatar.queued_for_write.values.map(&:path)
         @dummy.save
         assert paths.none?{ |path| File.exist?(path) },
@@ -731,10 +828,17 @@ def counter
 
       it "will retry to save again but back off on SlowDown" do
         @dummy.avatar.stubs(:sleep)
-        AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:write).
-          raises(AWS::S3::Errors::SlowDown.new(stub, stub(status: 503, body: "")))
-
-        expect {@dummy.save}.to raise_error(AWS::S3::Errors::SlowDown)
+        if defined?(::Aws)
+          Aws::S3::Object.any_instance.stubs(:upload_file).
+            raises(Aws::S3::Errors::SlowDown.new(stub,
+                                                 stub(status: 503, body: "")))
+          expect {@dummy.save}.to raise_error(Aws::S3::Errors::SlowDown)
+        else
+          AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:write).
+            raises(AWS::S3::Errors::SlowDown.new(stub,
+                                                 stub(status: 503, body: "")))
+          expect {@dummy.save}.to raise_error(AWS::S3::Errors::SlowDown)
+        end
         expect(@dummy.avatar).to have_received(:sleep).with(1)
         expect(@dummy.avatar).to have_received(:sleep).with(2)
         expect(@dummy.avatar).to have_received(:sleep).with(4)
@@ -746,9 +850,9 @@ def counter
         before do
           object = stub
           @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-          object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                      content_type: "image/png",
-                                      acl: :public_read)
+          object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+            .with(anything, content_type: 'image/png',
+                  acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION)
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -759,12 +863,21 @@ def counter
 
       context "and saved without a bucket" do
         before do
-          AWS::S3::BucketCollection.any_instance.expects(:create).with("testing")
-          AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:write).
-            raises(AWS::S3::Errors::NoSuchBucket.new(stub,
-                                                     stub(status: 404,
-                                                          body: "<foo/>"))).
-                                                          then.returns(nil)
+          if defined?(::Aws)
+            Aws::S3::Bucket.any_instance.expects(:create)
+            Aws::S3::Object.any_instance.stubs(:upload_file).
+              raises(Aws::S3::Errors::NoSuchBucket
+                      .new(stub,
+                           stub(status: 404, body: "<foo/>"))).then.returns(nil)
+	  else
+            AWS::S3::BucketCollection.any_instance.expects(:create)
+              .with("testing")
+            AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:write).
+              raises(AWS::S3::Errors::NoSuchBucket.new(stub,
+                                                       stub(status: 404,
+                                                            body: "<foo/>"))).
+                                                            then.returns(nil)
+	  end
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -775,8 +888,13 @@ def counter
 
       context "and remove" do
         before do
-          AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:exists?).returns(true)
-          AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:delete)
+          if defined?(::Aws)
+            Aws::S3::Object.any_instance.stubs(:exists?).returns(true)
+            Aws::S3::Object.any_instance.stubs(:delete)
+          else
+            AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:exists?).returns(true)
+            AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:delete)
+          end
           @dummy.destroy
         end
 
@@ -787,7 +905,14 @@ def counter
 
       context 'that the file were missing' do
         before do
-          AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:exists?).raises(AWS::Errors::Base)
+          if defined?(::Aws)
+            Aws::S3::Object.any_instance.stubs(:exists?)
+              .raises(Aws::S3::Errors::ServiceError.new("rspec stub raises",
+                                                        "object exists?"))
+          else
+            AWS::S3::S3Object.any_instance.stubs(:exists?)
+              .raises(AWS::Errors::Base)
+          end
         end
 
         it 'returns false on exists?' do
@@ -799,7 +924,7 @@ def counter
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and bucket defined as a Proc" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: lambda { |attachment| "bucket_#{attachment.instance.other}" },
         s3_credentials: {not: :important}
     end
@@ -814,7 +939,7 @@ def counter
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and S3 credentials defined as a Proc" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: {not: :important},
         s3_credentials: lambda { |attachment|
           Hash['access_key_id' => "access#{attachment.instance.other}", 'secret_access_key' => "secret#{attachment.instance.other}"]
@@ -831,22 +956,35 @@ def counter
     before do
       class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
-        bucket: "testing",
-        s3_credentials: {
-          credential_provider: DummyCredentialProvider.new
-        }
-        @dummy = Dummy.new
+      if defined?(::Aws)
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+          bucket: "testing",
+          s3_credentials: {
+            credentials: DummyCredentialProvider.new
+          }
+      else
+        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+          bucket: "testing",
+          s3_credentials: {
+            credential_provider: DummyCredentialProvider.new
+          }
+      end
+      @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
     it "sets the credential-provider" do
-      expect(@dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.credential_provider).to be_a DummyCredentialProvider
+      if defined?(::Aws)
+        expect(@dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.credentials).to be_a DummyCredentialProvider
+      else
+        expect(@dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.credential_provider).to be_a DummyCredentialProvider
+      end
     end
   end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and S3 credentials in an unsupported manor" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3, bucket: "testing", s3_credentials: ["unsupported"]
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
+        bucket: "testing", s3_credentials: ["unsupported"]
       @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
@@ -859,7 +997,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and S3 credentials not supplied" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3, bucket: "testing"
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3, bucket: "testing"
       @dummy = Dummy.new
     end
 
@@ -870,7 +1008,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and specific s3 headers set" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -893,10 +1031,12 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
         before do
           object = stub
           @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-          object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                      content_type: "image/png",
-                                      acl: :public_read,
-                                      cache_control: 'max-age=31557600')
+
+          object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+            .with(anything,
+                  content_type: 'image/png',
+                  acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                  cache_control: 'max-age=31557600')
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -909,7 +1049,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and metadata set using header names" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -932,10 +1072,12 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
         before do
           object = stub
           @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-          object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                      content_type: "image/png",
-                                      acl: :public_read,
-                                      metadata: { "color" => "red" })
+
+          object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+            .with(anything,
+                  content_type: 'image/png',
+                  acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                  metadata: { "color" => "red" })
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -948,7 +1090,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and metadata set using the :s3_metadata option" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -971,10 +1113,12 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
         before do
           object = stub
           @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-          object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                      content_type: "image/png",
-                                      acl: :public_read,
-                                      metadata: { "color" => "red" })
+
+          object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+            .with(anything,
+                  content_type: 'image/png',
+                  acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                  metadata: { "color" => "red" })
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -988,7 +1132,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and storage class set" do
     context "using the header name" do
       before do
-        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           bucket: "testing",
           path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
           s3_credentials: {
@@ -1011,10 +1155,12 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
           before do
             object = stub
             @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-            object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                        content_type: "image/png",
-                                        acl: :public_read,
-                                        storage_class: "reduced_redundancy")
+
+            object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+              .with(anything,
+                    content_type: 'image/png',
+                    acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                    storage_class: "reduced_redundancy")
             @dummy.save
           end
 
@@ -1027,7 +1173,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
     context "using per style hash" do
       before do
-        rebuild_model :storage => :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge :storage => :s3,
           :bucket => "testing",
           :path => ":attachment/:style/:basename.:extension",
           :styles => {
@@ -1056,9 +1202,15 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
             object = stub
             [:thumb, :original].each do |style|
               @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(style).returns(object)
-              expected_options = {:content_type => "image/png", :acl => :public_read}
+
+              expected_options = {
+                :content_type => "image/png",
+                :acl =>  Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION
+              }
               expected_options.merge!(:storage_class => :reduced_redundancy) if style == :thumb
-              object.expects(:write).with(anything, expected_options)
+
+              object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+                .with(anything, expected_options)
             end
             @dummy.save
           end
@@ -1072,7 +1224,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
     context "using global hash option" do
       before do
-        rebuild_model :storage => :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge :storage => :s3,
           :bucket => "testing",
           :path => ":attachment/:style/:basename.:extension",
           :styles => {
@@ -1099,9 +1251,11 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
             object = stub
             [:thumb, :original].each do |style|
               @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(style).returns(object)
-              object.expects(:write).with(anything, :content_type => "image/png",
-                                          :acl => :public_read,
-                                          :storage_class => :reduced_redundancy)
+
+              object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+                .with(anything, :content_type => "image/png",
+                      :acl => Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                      :storage_class => :reduced_redundancy)
             end
             @dummy.save
           end
@@ -1118,7 +1272,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
     [nil, false, ''].each do |tech|
       before do
         rebuild_model(
-          storage: :s3,
+          (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           bucket: "testing",
           path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
           s3_credentials: {
@@ -1140,9 +1294,10 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
           before do
             object = stub
             @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-            object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                        content_type: "image/png",
-                                        acl: :public_read)
+
+            object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+              .with(anything, :content_type => "image/png",
+                    :acl => Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION)
             @dummy.save
           end
 
@@ -1156,7 +1311,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and using AES256 encryption" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -1179,10 +1334,11 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
         before do
           object = stub
           @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-          object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                      content_type: "image/png",
-                                      acl: :public_read,
-                                      server_side_encryption: :aes256)
+
+          object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+            .with(anything, content_type: "image/png",
+                  acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                  server_side_encryption: :aes256)
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -1195,7 +1351,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and storage class set using the :storage_class option" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         s3_credentials: {
@@ -1218,10 +1374,12 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
         before do
           object = stub
           @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-          object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                      content_type: "image/png",
-                                      acl: :public_read,
-                                      storage_class: :reduced_redundancy)
+
+          object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+            .with(anything,
+                  content_type: "image/png",
+                  acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                  storage_class: :reduced_redundancy)
           @dummy.save
         end
 
@@ -1239,7 +1397,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
       ENV['S3_SECRET'] = 'pathname_secret'
 
       rails_env('test') do
-        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           s3_credentials: Pathname.new(fixture_file('s3.yml'))
 
         Dummy.delete_all
@@ -1249,8 +1407,16 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
     it "parses the credentials" do
       assert_equal 'pathname_bucket', @dummy.avatar.bucket_name
-      assert_equal 'pathname_key', @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.access_key_id
-      assert_equal 'pathname_secret', @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.secret_access_key
+
+      assert_equal 'pathname_key',
+        (defined?(::Aws) ?
+         @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.access_key_id :
+         @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.access_key_id)
+
+      assert_equal 'pathname_secret',
+        (defined?(::Aws) ?
+         @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.secret_access_key :
+         @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.secret_access_key)
     end
   end
 
@@ -1261,7 +1427,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
       ENV['S3_SECRET'] = 'env_secret'
 
       rails_env('test') do
-        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           s3_credentials: File.new(fixture_file('s3.yml'))
 
         Dummy.delete_all
@@ -1272,15 +1438,23 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
     it "runs the file through ERB" do
       assert_equal 'env_bucket', @dummy.avatar.bucket_name
-      assert_equal 'env_key', @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.access_key_id
-      assert_equal 'env_secret', @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.secret_access_key
+
+      assert_equal 'env_key',
+        (defined?(::Aws) ?
+          @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.access_key_id :
+          @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.access_key_id)
+
+      assert_equal 'env_secret',
+        (defined?(::Aws) ?
+          @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.client.config.secret_access_key :
+          @dummy.avatar.s3_bucket.config.secret_access_key)
     end
   end
 
   context "S3 Permissions" do
     context "defaults to :public_read" do
       before do
-        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           bucket: "testing",
           path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
           s3_credentials: {
@@ -1302,9 +1476,11 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
           before do
             object = stub
             @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-            object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                        content_type: "image/png",
-                                        acl: :public_read)
+
+            object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+              .with(anything,
+                    content_type: "image/png",
+                    acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION)
             @dummy.save
           end
 
@@ -1317,7 +1493,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
     context "string permissions set" do
       before do
-        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           bucket: "testing",
           path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
           s3_credentials: {
@@ -1340,9 +1516,9 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
           before do
             object = stub
             @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).returns(object)
-            object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                        content_type: "image/png",
-                                        acl: :private)
+
+            object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+              .with(anything, content_type: "image/png", acl: :private)
             @dummy.save
           end
 
@@ -1355,7 +1531,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
     context "hash permissions set" do
       before do
-        rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+        rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           bucket: "testing",
           path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
           styles: {
@@ -1385,9 +1561,11 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
             [:thumb, :original].each do |style|
               object = stub
               @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(style).returns(object)
-              object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                          content_type: "image/png",
-                                          acl: style == :thumb ? :public_read : :private)
+
+              object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+                .with(anything,
+                      content_type: "image/png",
+                      acl: style == :thumb ? :public_read : :private)
             end
             @dummy.save
           end
@@ -1402,7 +1580,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
     context "proc permission set" do
       before do
         rebuild_model(
-          storage: :s3,
+          (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
           bucket: "testing",
           path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
           styles: {
@@ -1413,7 +1591,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
             'secret_access_key' => "54321"
           },
           s3_permissions: lambda {|attachment, style|
-            attachment.instance.private_attachment? && style.to_sym != :thumb ? :private : :public_read
+            attachment.instance.private_attachment? && style.to_sym != :thumb ? :private : Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION
           }
         )
       end
@@ -1446,7 +1624,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
   context "An attachment with S3 storage and metadata set using a proc as headers" do
     before do
       rebuild_model(
-        storage: :s3,
+        (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         bucket: "testing",
         path: ":attachment/:style/:basename:dotextension",
         styles: {
@@ -1477,10 +1655,12 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
           [:thumb, :original].each do |style|
             object = stub
             @dummy.avatar.stubs(:s3_object).with(style).returns(object)
-            object.expects(:write).with(anything,
-                                        content_type: "image/png",
-                                        acl: :public_read,
-                                        content_disposition: 'attachment; filename="Custom Avatar Name.png"')
+
+            object.expects((defined?(::Aws) ? :upload_file : :write))
+              .with(anything,
+                    content_type: "image/png",
+                    acl: Paperclip::Storage::S3::DEFAULT_PERMISSION,
+                    content_disposition: 'attachment; filename="Custom Avatar Name.png"')
           end
           @dummy.save
         end
@@ -1494,7 +1674,7 @@ class DummyCredentialProvider; end
 
   context "path is a proc" do
     before do
-      rebuild_model storage: :s3,
+      rebuild_model (aws2_add_region).merge storage: :s3,
         path: ->(attachment) { attachment.instance.attachment_path }
 
       @dummy = Dummy.new
diff --git a/spec/support/assertions.rb b/spec/support/assertions.rb
index efef401c1..16c43d5a9 100644
--- a/spec/support/assertions.rb
+++ b/spec/support/assertions.rb
@@ -61,6 +61,13 @@ def assert_not_found_response(url)
     end
   end
 
+  def assert_forbidden_response(url)
+    Net::HTTP.get_response(URI.parse(url)) do |response|
+      assert_equal "403", response.code,
+        "Expected HTTP response code 403, got #{response.code}"
+    end
+  end
+
   def assert_frame_dimensions(range, frames)
     frames.each_with_index do |frame, frame_index|
       frame.split('x').each_with_index do |dimension, dimension_index |