diff --git a/packages/rehype/src/core.ts b/packages/rehype/src/core.ts
index dceecbde6..5abd0d701 100644
--- a/packages/rehype/src/core.ts
+++ b/packages/rehype/src/core.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ function rehypeShikiFromHighlighter(
     defaultLanguage,
     fallbackLanguage,
     onError,
+    onFallback,
     stripEndNewline = true,
     inline = false,
     lazy = false,
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ function rehypeShikiFromHighlighter(
         lang = parsed.lang
       }
       else if (fallbackLanguage) {
+        onFallback?.({ requestedLanguage: parsed.lang, fallbackLanguage })
         lang = fallbackLanguage
       }
 
@@ -154,6 +156,7 @@ function rehypeShikiFromHighlighter(
               .then(() => processNode(lang))
               .catch((error) => {
                 if (fallbackLanguage) {
+                  onFallback?.({ requestedLanguage: lang, fallbackLanguage })
                   processNode(fallbackLanguage)
                 }
                 else if (onError) {
@@ -166,11 +169,16 @@ function rehypeShikiFromHighlighter(
           )
         }
         catch (error) {
-          if (fallbackLanguage)
+          if (fallbackLanguage) {
+            onFallback?.({ requestedLanguage: lang, fallbackLanguage })
             return processNode(fallbackLanguage)
-          else if (onError)
+          }
+          else if (onError) {
             onError(error)
-          else throw error
+          }
+          else {
+            throw error
+          }
         }
       }
       else {
diff --git a/packages/rehype/src/types.ts b/packages/rehype/src/types.ts
index b0f354d59..0e9cf6970 100644
--- a/packages/rehype/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/rehype/src/types.ts
@@ -81,6 +81,14 @@ export interface RehypeShikiExtraOptions {
    * If not provided, the error will be thrown
    */
   onError?: (error: unknown) => void
+
+  /**
+   * Called when falling back to `fallbackLanguage`
+   */
+  onFallback?: (context: {
+    requestedLanguage: string
+    fallbackLanguage: string
+  }) => void
 }
 
 export type RehypeShikiCoreOptions
diff --git a/packages/rehype/test/core.test.ts b/packages/rehype/test/core.test.ts
index ed3c6fc29..100d58765 100644
--- a/packages/rehype/test/core.test.ts
+++ b/packages/rehype/test/core.test.ts
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import rehypeStringify from 'rehype-stringify'
 import remarkParse from 'remark-parse'
 import remarkRehype from 'remark-rehype'
 import { createHighlighter } from 'shiki'
-import { unified } from 'unified'
 
+import { unified } from 'unified'
 import { visit } from 'unist-util-visit'
-import { expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 import { transformerMetaHighlight } from '../../transformers/src'
 import rehypeShikiFromHighlighter from '../src/core'
 
@@ -201,6 +201,103 @@ it('lazy loading error handling with onError callback', async () => {
   expect(errors[0]).toBeInstanceOf(Error)
 })
 
+it('onFallback with lazy sync error', async () => {
+  using highlighter = await createHighlighter({
+    themes: ['vitesse-light'],
+    langs: ['text'],
+  })
+
+  const mockHighlighter = {
+    ...highlighter,
+    loadLanguage: (...langs: Parameters<typeof highlighter.loadLanguage>) => {
+      const lang = langs[0] as string
+      if (lang === 'sync-fail-lang')
+        throw new Error(`Language 'sync-fail-lang' not found`)
+      return highlighter.loadLanguage(...langs)
+    },
+  }
+
+  const onFallback = vi.fn()
+  const file = await unified()
+    .use(remarkParse)
+    .use(remarkRehype)
+    .use(rehypeShikiFromHighlighter, mockHighlighter, {
+      lazy: true,
+      theme: 'vitesse-light',
+      fallbackLanguage: 'text',
+      onFallback,
+    })
+    .use(rehypeStringify)
+    .process('```sync-fail-lang\nconst x = 1\n```')
+
+  expect(onFallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+    requestedLanguage: 'sync-fail-lang',
+    fallbackLanguage: 'text',
+  })
+  expect(file.toString()).toContain('<pre')
+})
+
+it('onFallback with lazy async error', async () => {
+  using highlighter = await createHighlighter({
+    themes: ['vitesse-light'],
+    langs: ['text'],
+  })
+
+  const mockHighlighter = {
+    ...highlighter,
+    loadLanguage: async (...langs: Parameters<typeof highlighter.loadLanguage>) => {
+      const lang = langs[0] as string
+      if (lang === 'unknown-lang')
+        throw new Error(`Language 'unknown-lang' not found`)
+      return highlighter.loadLanguage(...langs)
+    },
+  }
+
+  const onFallback = vi.fn()
+  const file = await unified()
+    .use(remarkParse)
+    .use(remarkRehype)
+    .use(rehypeShikiFromHighlighter, mockHighlighter, {
+      lazy: true,
+      theme: 'vitesse-light',
+      fallbackLanguage: 'text',
+      onFallback,
+    })
+    .use(rehypeStringify)
+    .process('```unknown-lang\nconst x = 1\n```')
+
+  expect(onFallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+    requestedLanguage: 'unknown-lang',
+    fallbackLanguage: 'text',
+  })
+  expect(file.toString()).toContain('<pre')
+})
+
+it('onFallback with non-lazy fallback', async () => {
+  using highlighter = await createHighlighter({
+    themes: ['vitesse-light'],
+    langs: ['javascript'],
+  })
+
+  const onFallback = vi.fn()
+  const file = await unified()
+    .use(remarkParse)
+    .use(remarkRehype)
+    .use(rehypeShikiFromHighlighter, highlighter, {
+      theme: 'vitesse-light',
+      fallbackLanguage: 'javascript',
+      onFallback,
+    })
+    .use(rehypeStringify)
+    .process('```python\nprint("hello")\n```')
+
+  expect(onFallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+    requestedLanguage: 'python',
+    fallbackLanguage: 'javascript',
+  })
+  expect(file.toString()).toContain('<pre')
+})
+
 it('lazy loading error handling throws when no fallback or onError', async () => {
   using highlighter = await createHighlighter({
     themes: ['vitesse-light'],