diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/devices/noise_properties.py b/cirq-core/cirq/devices/noise_properties.py
index 2a44ed90d80..2b2eadf8a45 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/devices/noise_properties.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/devices/noise_properties.py
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ def __init__(self, noise_properties: NoiseProperties) -> None:
         self._noise_properties = noise_properties
         self.noise_models = self._noise_properties.build_noise_models()
 
+    @property
+    def noise_properties(self):
+        return self._noise_properties
+
     def _value_equality_values_(self):
         return self._noise_properties
 
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base.py b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base.py
index 802fa5465c5..d58c5b591dc 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base.py
@@ -186,13 +186,42 @@ def _core_iterator(
             StepResults from simulating a Moment of the Circuit.
 
         Raises:
-            TypeError: The simulator encounters an op it does not support.
+            TypeError: The simulator encounters an op it or its noise model
+                does not support.
         """
 
         if len(circuit) == 0:
             yield self._create_step_result(sim_state)
             return
 
+        # For any noise model derived from noise properties, check the circuit to ensure it
+        # is compatible with the noise properties.
+        if isinstance(self._noise, devices.NoiseModelFromNoiseProperties):
+            noise_props = self._noise.noise_properties
+            # So far, only SuperconductingQubitsNoiseProperties implements such constraints on
+            # the circuit.
+            if isinstance(noise_props, devices.SuperconductingQubitsNoiseProperties):
+                circuit_gates = {op.gate for op in circuit.all_operations()}
+                if not all(
+                    any(
+                        isinstance(gate, expected_gate)
+                        for expected_gate in noise_props.expected_gates()
+                    )
+                    for gate in circuit_gates
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Circuit uses "
+                        f"{circuit_gates.difference(noise_props.expected_gates())} "
+                        f"which is not supported by noise properties "
+                        f'"{noise_props.__class__.__name__}"'
+                    )
+                if not circuit.all_qubits().issubset(noise_props.qubits):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Circuit uses "
+                        f"{circuit.all_qubits().difference(noise_props.qubits)} "
+                        f"which is not supported by noise properties "
+                        f'"{noise_props.__class__.__name__}"'
+                    )
         noisy_moments = self.noise.noisy_moments(circuit, sorted(circuit.all_qubits()))
         measured: dict[tuple[cirq.Qid, ...], bool] = collections.defaultdict(bool)
         for moment in noisy_moments:
diff --git a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base_test.py b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base_test.py
index bb14c229281..ff644e481b8 100644
--- a/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base_test.py
+++ b/cirq-core/cirq/sim/simulator_base_test.py
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 import sympy
 
 import cirq
+from cirq import devices, ops
+from cirq.devices import noise_utils
 
 
 class CountingState(cirq.qis.QuantumStateRepresentation):
@@ -454,3 +456,50 @@ def test_inhomogeneous_measurement_count_padding() -> None:
     results = sim.run(c, repetitions=10)
     for i in range(10):
         assert np.sum(results.records['m'][i, :, :]) == 1
+
+
+def test_simulates_noise_only_on_valid_gates_and_qubits() -> None:
+    expected_single_qubit_gates = [cirq.XPowGate, cirq.ZPowGate]
+    expected_qubits = [cirq.GridQubit(1, 2)]
+
+    unexpected_qubits = [cirq.GridQubit(2, 2)]
+
+    class TestNoiseProperties(devices.SuperconductingQubitsNoiseProperties):
+        @classmethod
+        def single_qubit_gates(cls) -> set[type[ops.Gate]]:
+            return set(expected_single_qubit_gates)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def symmetric_two_qubit_gates(cls) -> set[type[ops.Gate]]:
+            return set()
+
+        @classmethod
+        def asymmetric_two_qubit_gates(cls) -> set[type[ops.Gate]]:
+            return set()
+
+    noise_props = TestNoiseProperties(
+        gate_times_ns=dict.fromkeys(expected_single_qubit_gates, 1e9),
+        t1_ns=dict.fromkeys(expected_qubits, 1e9),
+        tphi_ns=dict.fromkeys(expected_qubits, 1e9),
+        readout_errors=dict.fromkeys(expected_qubits, [0.5, 0.5]),
+        gate_pauli_errors={
+            noise_utils.OpIdentifier(gate, expected_qubits[0]): 0
+            for gate in expected_single_qubit_gates
+        },
+    )
+    noise_model = devices.NoiseModelFromNoiseProperties(noise_props)
+
+    simulator = cirq.Simulator(noise=noise_model)
+
+    valid_circuit_invalid_qubits = cirq.Circuit(cirq.X(unexpected_qubits[0]))
+    valid_circuit_valid_qubits = cirq.Circuit(cirq.X(expected_qubits[0]))
+    invalid_circuit_invalid_qubits = cirq.Circuit(cirq.Y(unexpected_qubits[0]))
+    invalid_circuit_valid_qubits = cirq.Circuit(cirq.Y(expected_qubits[0]))
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        simulator.simulate(invalid_circuit_invalid_qubits)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        simulator.simulate(invalid_circuit_valid_qubits)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        simulator.simulate(valid_circuit_invalid_qubits)
+    simulator.simulate(valid_circuit_valid_qubits)