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+# Manifesto
+
+As accelerators get faster, CPU-side kernel launch overhead dominates —
+you can't launch kernels fast enough to keep the GPU fed. CUDAGraph is
+already a must on GB200, and this is the direction all hardware is heading.
+
+GraphTrainer exists because distributed training at scale will require a
+compiler. The question is when, not if. It captures the full training step
+— forward, loss, backward — as a single FX graph, then transforms and
+optimizes that graph before execution. Built as an experiment on top of
+torchtitan, it serves as both a proving ground for compiler-driven
+training and a demonstration of how to use PyTorch's compiler as a
+toolkit.
+
+## Eager Challenges
+
+**Composability is fragile.** Getting FSDP2, activation checkpointing,
+torch.compile, and CUDAGraph to all work together is a minefield.
+Each feature is its own system with its own interception points, and they
+interfere with each other in non-obvious ways: compile graph-breaks on
+FSDP2, AC recomputes FSDP2 all-gathers in backward, AC with compile
+graph-breaks invalidates AC and causes OOM, and so on. Each combination
+needs its own workaround, and workarounds for one pair can break another.
+
+**CUDAGraph is hard.** Making CUDAGraph work in eager requires deep
+understanding of PyTorch autograd engine internals and careful memory
+management. Wrapping a full training step is tractable; regional CUDAGraph
+is much harder.
+
+**Scheduling is coarse.** `autograd.Function` and hooks are the only
+mechanisms for fine-grain scheduling in eager, and they're not granular
+enough — code gets ugly fast. Microbatch overlap for MoE is a case in
+point. With a graph representation, scheduling is just node reordering.
+
+## What GraphTrainer Bets On
+
+**Single unified graph.** Capture the entire training step — forward, loss,
+backward — as one flat FX graph. No separate graphs stitched together, no
+opaque boundaries. Full visibility into every operation — in particular, all backward
+computations are explicit.
+
+**Every optimization is a graph pass.** Activation checkpointing, CUDAGraph,
+CPU offload, communication overlap, kernel fusion — all expressed as
+transformations on the same graph. Passes compose naturally because they share a common
+representation. Adding a new optimization means writing a new pass, not
+threading hooks through the entire stack.
+
+**SimpleFSDP.** A compiler-friendly replacement for FSDP2 that expresses
+all-gather and reduce-scatter as traceable DTensor operations. The
+collectives show up as nodes in the graph, so they can be reordered,
+fused, and overlapped by passes — not hidden behind opaque module hooks.
+
+**CUDAGraph becomes manageable.** With a graph, all computation is explicit
+— no hidden autograd state, no opaque memory management. Piecewise
+CUDAGraph wrapping is straightforward because you can see exactly what
+needs to be captured.
+
+**Debuggability.** The graph is inspectable. You can dump it, diff it
+before and after a pass, and see exactly what changed. When something
+goes wrong, you're reading a concrete program — not stepping through
+callback chains.