diff --git a/bin/import.ml b/bin/import.ml
index 141a06e851c..c16930b21b1 100644
--- a/bin/import.ml
+++ b/bin/import.ml
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ include struct
   module Action_builder = Dune_rules.Action_builder
   module Action = Action
   module Dep = Dep
-  module Action_to_sh = Action_to_sh
   module Dpath = Dpath
   module Findlib = Dune_rules.Findlib
   module Diff_promotion = Diff_promotion
diff --git a/src/dune_cache/shared.ml b/src/dune_cache/shared.ml
index 259f394f685..38fab54f8ec 100644
--- a/src/dune_cache/shared.ml
+++ b/src/dune_cache/shared.ml
@@ -402,19 +402,18 @@ let lookup ~can_go_in_shared_cache ~rule_digest ~targets
 (* If this function fails to store the rule to the shared cache, it returns
    [None] because we don't want this to be a catastrophic error. We simply log
    this incident and continue without saving the rule to the shared cache. *)
-let try_to_store_to_shared_cache ~mode ~rule_digest ~action ~produced_targets
+let try_to_store_to_shared_cache ~mode ~rule_digest ~loc ~produced_targets
   : Digest.t Targets.Produced.t option Fiber.t
   =
   let open Fiber.O in
   let hex = Digest.to_string rule_digest in
   let pp_error msg =
-    let action = action () in
     Pp.concat
-      [ Pp.textf "cache store error [%s]: %s after executing" hex msg
-      ; Pp.space
-      ; Pp.char '('
-      ; action
-      ; Pp.char ')'
+      [ Pp.textf
+          "cache store error [%s]: %s after executing action at %s"
+          hex
+          msg
+          (Loc.to_file_colon_line loc)
       ]
   in
   match
@@ -600,7 +599,6 @@ let examine_targets_and_store
       ~loc
       ~rule_digest
       ~should_remove_write_permissions_on_generated_files
-      ~action
       ~(produced_targets : unit Targets.Produced.t)
   : Digest.t Targets.Produced.t Fiber.t
   =
@@ -608,7 +606,7 @@ let examine_targets_and_store
   | Enabled { storage_mode = mode; reproducibility_check = _ } when can_go_in_shared_cache
     ->
     let open Fiber.O in
-    try_to_store_to_shared_cache ~mode ~rule_digest ~produced_targets ~action
+    try_to_store_to_shared_cache ~mode ~rule_digest ~produced_targets ~loc
     >>= (function
      | Some produced_targets_with_digests -> Fiber.return produced_targets_with_digests
      | None ->
diff --git a/src/dune_cache/shared.mli b/src/dune_cache/shared.mli
index 82943622bd3..a017ed281ad 100644
--- a/src/dune_cache/shared.mli
+++ b/src/dune_cache/shared.mli
@@ -28,6 +28,5 @@ val examine_targets_and_store
   -> loc:Loc.t
   -> rule_digest:Digest.t
   -> should_remove_write_permissions_on_generated_files:bool
-  -> action:(unit -> User_message.Style.t Pp.t)
   -> produced_targets:unit Targets.Produced.t
   -> Digest.t Targets.Produced.t Fiber.t
diff --git a/src/dune_engine/action_to_sh.ml b/src/dune_engine/action_to_sh.ml
deleted file mode 100644
index b29965dc7f0..00000000000
--- a/src/dune_engine/action_to_sh.ml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-open Import
-
-module Simplified = struct
-  type destination =
-    | Dev_null
-    | File of string
-
-  type source = string
-
-  type t =
-    | Run of string * string list
-    | Chdir of string
-    | Setenv of string * string
-    | Redirect_out of t list * Action.Outputs.t * destination
-    | Redirect_in of t list * Action.Inputs.t * source
-    | Pipe of t list list * Action.Outputs.t
-    | Sh of string
-    | Concurrent of t list list
-end
-
-open Simplified
-
-let echo s =
-  let lines = String.split_lines s in
-  if String.ends_with ~suffix:"\n" s
-  then List.map lines ~f:(fun s -> Run ("echo", [ s ]))
-  else (
-    match List.rev lines with
-    | [] -> [ Run ("echo", [ "-n" ]) ]
-    | last :: rest ->
-      List.fold_left
-        rest
-        ~init:[ Run ("echo", [ "-n"; last ]) ]
-        ~f:(fun acc s -> Run ("echo", [ s ]) :: acc))
-;;
-
-let cat ps = Run ("cat", ps)
-let mkdir p = Run ("mkdir", [ "-p"; p ])
-
-let interpret_perm (perm : Action.File_perm.t) fn acc =
-  match perm with
-  | Normal -> acc
-  | Executable -> Run ("chmod", [ "+x"; fn ]) :: acc
-;;
-
-let simplify act =
-  let rec loop (act : Action.For_shell.t) acc =
-    match act with
-    | Run (prog, args) -> Run (prog, Array.Immutable.to_list args) :: acc
-    | With_accepted_exit_codes (_, t) -> loop t acc
-    | Chdir (p, act) -> loop act (Chdir p :: mkdir p :: acc)
-    | Setenv (k, v, act) -> loop act (Setenv (k, v) :: acc)
-    | Redirect_out (outputs, fn, perm, act) ->
-      interpret_perm perm fn (Redirect_out (block act, outputs, File fn) :: acc)
-    | Redirect_in (inputs, fn, act) -> Redirect_in (block act, inputs, fn) :: acc
-    | Ignore (outputs, act) -> Redirect_out (block act, outputs, Dev_null) :: acc
-    | Progn l -> List.fold_left l ~init:acc ~f:(fun acc act -> loop act acc)
-    | Concurrent l -> Concurrent (List.map ~f:block l) :: acc
-    | Echo xs -> echo (String.concat xs ~sep:"")
-    | Cat x -> cat x :: acc
-    | Copy (x, y) -> Run ("cp", [ x; y ]) :: acc
-    | Symlink (x, y) -> Run ("ln", [ "-s"; x; y ]) :: Run ("rm", [ "-f"; y ]) :: acc
-    | Hardlink (x, y) -> Run ("ln", [ x; y ]) :: Run ("rm", [ "-f"; y ]) :: acc
-    | Bash x -> Run ("bash", [ "-e"; "-u"; "-o"; "pipefail"; "-c"; x ]) :: acc
-    | Write_file (x, perm, y) ->
-      interpret_perm perm x (Redirect_out (echo y, Stdout, File x) :: acc)
-    | Rename (x, y) -> Run ("mv", [ x; y ]) :: acc
-    | Remove_tree x -> Run ("rm", [ "-rf"; x ]) :: acc
-    | Mkdir x -> mkdir x :: acc
-    | Pipe (outputs, l) -> Pipe (List.map ~f:block l, outputs) :: acc
-    | Diff { optional; file1; file2; mode = Binary; directory_diffs = _ } ->
-      assert (not optional);
-      Run ("cmp", [ file1; file2 ]) :: acc
-    | Diff { optional = true; file1; file2; mode = _; directory_diffs = _ } ->
-      Sh
-        (Printf.sprintf
-           "test ! -e file1 -o ! -e file2 || diff %s %s"
-           (String.quote_for_shell file1)
-           (String.quote_for_shell file2))
-      :: acc
-    | Diff { optional = false; file1; file2; mode = _; directory_diffs = _ } ->
-      Run ("diff", [ file1; file2 ]) :: acc
-    | Extension _ -> Sh "# extensions are not supported" :: acc
-  and block act =
-    match List.rev (loop act []) with
-    | [] -> [ Run ("true", []) ]
-    | l -> l
-  in
-  block act
-;;
-
-let quote s = Pp.verbatim (String.quote_for_shell s)
-
-let rec block l =
-  match l with
-  | [ x ] -> pp x
-  | l ->
-    Pp.box
-      (Pp.concat
-         [ Pp.hvbox
-             ~indent:2
-             (Pp.concat
-                [ Pp.char '{'
-                ; Pp.space
-                ; Pp.hvbox
-                    (Pp.concat_map l ~sep:Pp.space ~f:(fun x ->
-                       Pp.seq (pp x) (Pp.char ';')))
-                ])
-         ; Pp.space
-         ; Pp.char '}'
-         ])
-
-and pp = function
-  | Run (prog, args) ->
-    Pp.hovbox
-      ~indent:2
-      (Pp.concat
-         (quote prog :: List.concat_map args ~f:(fun arg -> [ Pp.space; quote arg ])))
-  | Chdir dir -> Pp.hovbox ~indent:2 (Pp.concat [ Pp.verbatim "cd"; Pp.space; quote dir ])
-  | Setenv (k, v) -> Pp.concat [ Pp.verbatim k; Pp.verbatim "="; quote v ]
-  | Sh s -> Pp.verbatim s
-  | Redirect_in (l, inputs, src) ->
-    let body = block l in
-    Pp.hovbox
-      ~indent:2
-      (Pp.concat
-         [ body
-         ; Pp.space
-         ; Pp.verbatim
-             (match inputs with
-              | Stdin -> "<")
-         ; Pp.space
-         ; quote src
-         ])
-  | Redirect_out (l, outputs, dest) ->
-    let body = block l in
-    Pp.hovbox
-      ~indent:2
-      (Pp.concat
-         [ body
-         ; Pp.space
-         ; Pp.verbatim
-             (match outputs with
-              | Stdout -> ">"
-              | Stderr -> "2>"
-              | Outputs -> "&>")
-         ; Pp.space
-         ; quote
-             (match dest with
-              | Dev_null -> "/dev/null"
-              | File fn -> fn)
-         ])
-  | Pipe (l, outputs) ->
-    let first_pipe, end_ =
-      match outputs with
-      | Stdout -> " | ", ""
-      | Outputs -> " 2>&1 | ", ""
-      | Stderr -> " 2> >( ", " 1>&2 )"
-    in
-    (match l with
-     | [] -> assert false
-     | first :: l ->
-       Pp.hovbox
-         ~indent:2
-         (Pp.concat
-            ~sep:Pp.space
-            [ block first
-            ; Pp.verbatim first_pipe
-            ; Pp.concat ~sep:(Pp.verbatim " | ") (List.map l ~f:block)
-            ; Pp.verbatim end_
-            ]))
-  | Concurrent t ->
-    (match t with
-     | [] -> Pp.verbatim "true"
-     | [ x ] -> block x
-     | x :: l ->
-       Pp.hovbox
-         ~indent:2
-         (Pp.concat
-            [ Pp.char '('
-            ; Pp.space
-            ; block x
-            ; Pp.space
-            ; Pp.char '&'
-            ; Pp.space
-            ; Pp.concat ~sep:(Pp.verbatim "&") (List.map l ~f:block)
-            ; Pp.space
-            ; Pp.char '&'
-            ; Pp.space
-            ; Pp.verbatim "wait"
-            ; Pp.space
-            ; Pp.verbatim ")"
-            ]))
-;;
-
-let rec pp_seq = function
-  | [] -> Pp.verbatim "true"
-  | [ x ] -> pp x
-  | x :: l -> Pp.concat [ pp x; Pp.char ';'; Pp.cut; pp_seq l ]
-;;
-
-let pp act = pp_seq (simplify act)
diff --git a/src/dune_engine/action_to_sh.mli b/src/dune_engine/action_to_sh.mli
deleted file mode 100644
index a7ff641f74b..00000000000
--- a/src/dune_engine/action_to_sh.mli
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-(** Convert an action to a shell command suitable for [/bin/sh] *)
-
-val pp : Action.For_shell.t -> _ Pp.t
diff --git a/src/dune_engine/build_system.ml b/src/dune_engine/build_system.ml
index 5ee581edfec..f19454bb8a8 100644
--- a/src/dune_engine/build_system.ml
+++ b/src/dune_engine/build_system.ml
@@ -698,7 +698,6 @@ end = struct
                      .should_remove_write_permissions_on_generated_files
                        execution_parameters)
                   ~produced_targets:exec_result.produced_targets
-                  ~action:(fun () -> Action.for_shell action.action |> Action_to_sh.pp)
               in
               let dynamic_deps_stages =
                 List.map
diff --git a/src/dune_engine/dune_engine.ml b/src/dune_engine/dune_engine.ml
index 653627f77af..4586bffee02 100644
--- a/src/dune_engine/dune_engine.ml
+++ b/src/dune_engine/dune_engine.ml
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module Load_rules = Load_rules
 module Clflags = Clflags
 module Response_file = Response_file
 module File_selector = File_selector
-module Action_to_sh = Action_to_sh
 module Hooks = Hooks
 module Print_diff = Print_diff
 module Diff_promotion = Diff_promotion
diff --git a/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/dune-cache/repro-check.t b/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/dune-cache/repro-check.t
index a95dc3419ac..33e68efa658 100644
--- a/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/dune-cache/repro-check.t
+++ b/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/dune-cache/repro-check.t
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Set 'cache-check-probability' to 1.0, which should trigger the check
   Warning: cache store error [5e64608154a3ed6c86e3d606ac67f24b]: ((in_cache
   ((non-reproducible 7378fb2d7d80dc4468d6558d864f0897))) (computed
   ((non-reproducible 074ebdc1c3853f27c68566d8d183032c)))) after executing
-  (echo 'build non-reproducible';cp dep non-reproducible)
+  action at dune:6
   build reproducible
   build non-reproducible
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Test that the environment variable and the command line flag work too
   Warning: cache store error [5e64608154a3ed6c86e3d606ac67f24b]: ((in_cache
   ((non-reproducible 7378fb2d7d80dc4468d6558d864f0897))) (computed
   ((non-reproducible 074ebdc1c3853f27c68566d8d183032c)))) after executing
-  (echo 'build non-reproducible';cp dep non-reproducible)
+  action at dune:6
   build reproducible
   build non-reproducible
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Test that the environment variable and the command line flag work too
   Warning: cache store error [5e64608154a3ed6c86e3d606ac67f24b]: ((in_cache
   ((non-reproducible 7378fb2d7d80dc4468d6558d864f0897))) (computed
   ((non-reproducible 074ebdc1c3853f27c68566d8d183032c)))) after executing
-  (echo 'build non-reproducible';cp dep non-reproducible)
+  action at dune:6
   build reproducible
   build non-reproducible
 
diff --git a/test/expect-tests/dune_engine/action_to_sh_tests.ml b/test/expect-tests/dune_engine/action_to_sh_tests.ml
deleted file mode 100644
index f2ecfe4dccb..00000000000
--- a/test/expect-tests/dune_engine/action_to_sh_tests.ml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
-open Stdune
-open Dune_engine
-open Action.For_shell
-module Action = Dune_engine.Action
-
-let print x = x |> Action_to_sh.pp |> Dune_tests_common.print
-
-let%expect_test "run" =
-  Run ("my_program", Array.Immutable.of_array [| "my"; "-I"; "args" |]) |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    my_program my -I args |}]
-;;
-
-(* TODO dynamic-run *)
-
-let%expect_test "chdir" =
-  Chdir ("foo", Bash "echo Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    mkdir -p foo;cd foo;
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "setenv" =
-  Setenv ("FOO", "bar", Bash "echo Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    FOO=bar;
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "with-stdout-to" =
-  Redirect_out
-    (Action.Outputs.Stdout, "foo", Action.File_perm.Normal, Bash "echo Hello world")
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' > foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "with-stderr-to" =
-  Redirect_out
-    (Action.Outputs.Stderr, "foo", Action.File_perm.Normal, Bash "echo Hello world")
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' 2> foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "with-outputs-to" =
-  Redirect_out
-    ( Action.Outputs.Outputs
-    , "foo"
-    , Action.File_perm.Normal
-    , Progn [ Bash "first something"; Bash "then"; Bash "echo Hello world" ] )
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    {
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'first something';
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c then;
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world';
-    } &> foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "with-outputs-to executable" =
-  Redirect_out
-    (Action.Outputs.Outputs, "foo", Action.File_perm.Executable, Bash "echo Hello world")
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' &> foo;
-    chmod +x foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "ignore stdout" =
-  Ignore (Action.Outputs.Stdout, Bash "echo Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' > /dev/null |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "ignore stderr" =
-  Ignore (Action.Outputs.Stderr, Bash "echo Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' 2> /dev/null |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "ignore outputs" =
-  Ignore (Action.Outputs.Outputs, Bash "echo Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' &> /dev/null |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "with-stdin-from" =
-  Redirect_in
-    ( Action.Inputs.Stdin
-    , "foo"
-    , Bash
-        {|
-    while read line; do
-      echo $line
-    done
-  |}
-    )
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c
-      '
-        while read line; do
-          echo $line
-        done
-      ' < foo |}]
-;;
-
-(* TODO currently no special printing for with-accepted-exit-codes *)
-let%expect_test "with-accepted-exit-codes" =
-  With_accepted_exit_codes
-    ( Predicate_lang.of_list [ 0; 1; 123 ]
-    , Bash
-        {|
-    echo Hello world
-    exit 123
-  |}
-    )
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c '
-        echo Hello world
-        exit 123
-      ' |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "progn" =
-  Progn [ Bash "echo Hello"; Bash "echo world" ] |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello';
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo world' |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "concurrent" =
-  Concurrent [ Bash "echo Hello"; Bash "echo world" ] |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    ( bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello' &
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo world' & wait ) |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "echo" =
-  Echo [ "Hello"; "world" ] |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    echo -n Helloworld |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "write-file" =
-  Write_file ("foo", Action.File_perm.Normal, "Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    echo -n 'Hello world' > foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "write-file executable" =
-  Write_file ("foo", Action.File_perm.Executable, "Hello world") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-      echo -n 'Hello world' > foo;
-      chmod +x foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "cat" =
-  Cat [ "foo" ] |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    cat foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "cat multiple" =
-  Cat [ "foo"; "bar" ] |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    cat foo bar |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "copy" =
-  Copy ("foo", "bar") |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    cp foo bar |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "bash" =
-  Bash "echo Hello world" |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' |}]
-;;
-
-(* cmping a binary file in optional mode is not supported *)
-
-let%expect_test "pipe-stdout-to" =
-  Pipe
-    ( Action.Outputs.Stdout
-    , [ Bash "echo Hello world"
-      ; Redirect_out
-          (Action.Outputs.Stdout, "foo", Action.File_perm.Normal, Bash "echo Hello world")
-      ] )
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world'  |
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' > foo |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "pipe-stderr-to" =
-  Pipe
-    ( Action.Outputs.Stderr
-    , [ Bash "echo Hello world"
-      ; Redirect_out
-          (Action.Outputs.Stderr, "foo", Action.File_perm.Normal, Bash "echo Hello world")
-      ] )
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-    bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world'  2> >(
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' 2> foo  1>&2 ) |}]
-;;
-
-let%expect_test "pipe-outputs-to" =
-  Pipe
-    ( Action.Outputs.Outputs
-    , [ Bash "echo Hello world"
-      ; Redirect_out
-          (Action.Outputs.Outputs, "foo", Action.File_perm.Normal, Bash "echo Hello world")
-      ] )
-  |> print;
-  [%expect
-    {|
-      bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world'  2>&1 |
-        bash -e -u -o pipefail -c 'echo Hello world' &> foo |}]
-;;
diff --git a/test/expect-tests/dune_engine/dune b/test/expect-tests/dune_engine/dune
deleted file mode 100644
index e9fe712003c..00000000000
--- a/test/expect-tests/dune_engine/dune
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-(library
- (name dune_engine_test)
- (inline_tests)
- (libraries
-  dune_tests_common
-  predicate_lang
-  stdune
-  dune_engine
-  ;; This is because of the (implicit_transitive_deps false)
-  ;; in dune-project
-  ppx_expect.config
-  ppx_expect.config_types
-  base
-  ppx_inline_test.config)
- (preprocess
-  (pps ppx_expect)))