diff --git a/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/per-module-lib-deps/single-module-lib.t b/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/per-module-lib-deps/single-module-lib.t
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fde4d0693a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/blackbox-tests/test-cases/per-module-lib-deps/single-module-lib.t
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+Single-module library consumers and recompilation behavior.
+
+When a consumer library has only one module, dune skips ocamldep for that
+stanza as an optimization (no intra-stanza deps to compute). This means
+per-module library dependency filtering cannot determine which libraries
+the module actually references, so the consumer depends on all library
+files via glob. Modifying an unused module in a dependency triggers
+unnecessary recompilation of the consumer module's .cmo/.cmx.
+
+See: https://github.com/ocaml/dune/issues/4572
+
+  $ cat > dune-project <<EOF
+  > (lang dune 3.23)
+  > EOF
+
+  $ mkdir base_lib
+  $ cat > base_lib/dune <<EOF
+  > (library (name base_lib) (wrapped false))
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > base_lib/alpha.ml <<EOF
+  > let alpha_val = 1
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > base_lib/alpha.mli <<EOF
+  > val alpha_val : int
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > base_lib/unused.ml <<EOF
+  > let unused_val = 99
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > base_lib/unused.mli <<EOF
+  > val unused_val : int
+  > EOF
+
+  $ mkdir consumer_lib
+  $ cat > consumer_lib/dune <<EOF
+  > (library (name consumer_lib) (wrapped false) (libraries base_lib))
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > consumer_lib/uses_alpha.ml <<EOF
+  > let f () = Alpha.alpha_val
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > consumer_lib/uses_alpha.mli <<EOF
+  > val f : unit -> int
+  > EOF
+
+  $ cat > dune <<EOF
+  > (executable (name main) (libraries consumer_lib))
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > main.ml <<EOF
+  > let () = print_int (Uses_alpha.f ())
+  > EOF
+
+  $ dune build ./main.exe
+
+Modify only the unused module:
+
+  $ cat > base_lib/unused.mli <<EOF
+  > val unused_val : int
+  > val new_fn : unit -> string
+  > EOF
+  $ cat > base_lib/unused.ml <<EOF
+  > let unused_val = 99
+  > let new_fn () = "new"
+  > EOF
+
+uses_alpha.cmx is recompiled even though uses_alpha.ml only references
+Alpha, not Unused. This is because the consumer_lib stanza has a single
+module, so dune skips ocamldep for it and falls back to glob deps on all
+of base_lib's .cmi files. The trace shows compilation targets for
+uses_alpha being rebuilt:
+
+  $ dune build ./main.exe
+  $ dune trace cat | jq -s 'include "dune"; [.[] | targetsMatchingFilter(test("uses_alpha"))]'
+  [
+    {
+      "target_files": [
+        "_build/default/consumer_lib/.consumer_lib.objs/byte/uses_alpha.cmi",
+        "_build/default/consumer_lib/.consumer_lib.objs/byte/uses_alpha.cmti"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "target_files": [
+        "_build/default/consumer_lib/.consumer_lib.objs/native/uses_alpha.cmx",
+        "_build/default/consumer_lib/.consumer_lib.objs/native/uses_alpha.o"
+      ]
+    }
+  ]