From 759e42939f4713ab9364fc0841f3dee24497c44c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 15:06:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/33] feat(ci): parallelize reference tests via bucketing

Split reference tests into N buckets (default 4) that run in parallel
CI jobs. Each bucket runs mod1(i, N) == j of the @reference_test
invocations, controlled by REFTEST_BUCKET and REFTEST_NBUCKETS env vars.
Local runs are unaffected (all tests run when env vars are unset).

The consolidation job now merges bucket artifacts per backend before
combining across backends, and correctly computes missing_files.txt
using the new skipped_names.txt output.
---
 ReferenceTests/src/database.jl | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 ReferenceTests/src/runtests.jl |  6 +++
 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl b/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
index 73372ca5baa..c38bc0e15e2 100644
--- a/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
+++ b/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
@@ -21,8 +21,23 @@ const RECORDING_DIR = Base.RefValue{String}()
 const SKIP_TITLES = Set{String}()
 const SKIP_FUNCTIONS = Set{Symbol}()
 const COUNTER = Ref(0)
+const TOTAL_COUNTER = Ref(0) # counts all @reference_test invocations, used for bucket assignment
 const SKIPPED_NAMES = Set{String}() # names skipped due to title exclusion or function exclusion
 
+"""
+    should_run_in_bucket(test_index::Int)
+
+Check whether a test with the given index should run in the current bucket.
+Bucketing is controlled by the `REFTEST_BUCKET` and `REFTEST_NBUCKETS` environment variables.
+If either is unset, all tests run (no bucketing).
+"""
+function should_run_in_bucket(test_index::Int)
+    nbuckets_str = get(ENV, "REFTEST_NBUCKETS", nothing)
+    bucket_str = get(ENV, "REFTEST_BUCKET", nothing)
+    (nbuckets_str === nothing || bucket_str === nothing) && return true
+    return mod1(test_index, parse(Int, nbuckets_str)) == parse(Int, bucket_str)
+end
+
 """
     @reference_test(name, code)
 
@@ -34,35 +49,40 @@ macro reference_test(name, code)
     funcs = used_functions(code)
     skip = (title in SKIP_TITLES) || any(x -> x in funcs, SKIP_FUNCTIONS)
     return quote
-        @testset $(title) begin
-            if $skip
-                @test_broken false
-                mark_skipped!($title)
-            else
-                t1 = time()
-                if $title in $REGISTERED_TESTS
-                    error("title must be unique. Duplicate title: $($title)")
+        ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] += 1
+        if !ReferenceTests.should_run_in_bucket(ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[])
+            # Not in this bucket, skip entirely
+        else
+            @testset $(title) begin
+                if $skip
+                    @test_broken false
+                    mark_skipped!($title)
+                else
+                    t1 = time()
+                    if $title in $REGISTERED_TESTS
+                        error("title must be unique. Duplicate title: $($title)")
+                    end
+                    println("running $(lpad(COUNTER[] += 1, 3)): $($title)")
+                    Makie.set_theme!(;
+                        size = (500, 500),
+                        CairoMakie = (; px_per_unit = 1),
+                        GLMakie = (; scalefactor = 1, px_per_unit = 1),
+                        WGLMakie = (; scalefactor = 1, px_per_unit = 1)
+                    )
+                    ReferenceTests.RNG.seed_rng!()
+                    result = let
+                        $(esc(code))
+                    end
+                    @test save_result(joinpath(RECORDING_DIR[], $title), result)
+                    push!($REGISTERED_TESTS, $title)
+                    elapsed = round(time() - t1; digits = 5)
+                    total = Sys.total_memory()
+                    mem = round((total - Sys.free_memory()) / 10^9; digits = 3)
+                    # TODO, write to file and create an overview in the end, similar to the benchmark results!
+                    println("Used $(mem)gb of $(round(total / 10^9; digits = 3))gb RAM, time: $(elapsed)s")
                 end
-                println("running $(lpad(COUNTER[] += 1, 3)): $($title)")
-                Makie.set_theme!(;
-                    size = (500, 500),
-                    CairoMakie = (; px_per_unit = 1),
-                    GLMakie = (; scalefactor = 1, px_per_unit = 1),
-                    WGLMakie = (; scalefactor = 1, px_per_unit = 1)
-                )
-                ReferenceTests.RNG.seed_rng!()
-                result = let
-                    $(esc(code))
-                end
-                @test save_result(joinpath(RECORDING_DIR[], $title), result)
-                push!($REGISTERED_TESTS, $title)
-                elapsed = round(time() - t1; digits = 5)
-                total = Sys.total_memory()
-                mem = round((total - Sys.free_memory()) / 10^9; digits = 3)
-                # TODO, write to file and create an overview in the end, similar to the benchmark results!
-                println("Used $(mem)gb of $(round(total / 10^9; digits = 3))gb RAM, time: $(elapsed)s")
+                GC.gc(true) # Run GC, to catch accumulating memory early on (used RAM)
             end
-            GC.gc(true) # Run GC, to catch accumulating memory early on (used RAM)
         end
     end
 end
@@ -115,6 +135,16 @@ macro include_reference_tests(backend::Symbol, path, paths...)
             # prefix the recordings with the backend name so that each backend has its own versions
             ReferenceTests.RECORDING_DIR[] = joinpath(recording_dir, "recorded", $(string(backend)))
             mkpath(ReferenceTests.RECORDING_DIR[])
+
+            # Log bucket configuration
+            let
+                nb = get(ENV, "REFTEST_NBUCKETS", nothing)
+                b = get(ENV, "REFTEST_BUCKET", nothing)
+                if nb !== nothing && b !== nothing
+                    @info "Running reference test bucket $(b)/$(nb)"
+                end
+            end
+
             @testset "Reference tests $($(string(backend)))" begin
                 empty!(ReferenceTests.REGISTERED_TESTS)
                 for include_path in include_paths
@@ -125,6 +155,7 @@ macro include_reference_tests(backend::Symbol, path, paths...)
             recording_dir = recording_dir
             empty!(ReferenceTests.REGISTERED_TESTS)
             ReferenceTests.COUNTER[] = 0
+            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] = 0
             (recorded_files, recording_dir)
         end
     )
diff --git a/ReferenceTests/src/runtests.jl b/ReferenceTests/src/runtests.jl
index e00effcdb96..16a88636c15 100644
--- a/ReferenceTests/src/runtests.jl
+++ b/ReferenceTests/src/runtests.jl
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ function record_comparison(base_folder::String, backend::String; record_folder_n
         end
     end
 
+    open(joinpath(base_folder, "skipped_names.txt"), "w") do file
+        for name in sort!(collect(SKIPPED_NAMES))
+            println(file, joinpath(backend, "$name.png"))
+        end
+    end
+
     return missing_refimages, scores
 end
 

From 586ee5a6b2f4a8c42529d5a92be1045e295ec8ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 10:17:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/33] fix(wglmakie): make reference tests independent of
 execution order

- html_widgets resize_to tests: add explicit WGLMakie.activate!() calls
  so they don't depend on px_per_unit/scalefactor state left by earlier
  tests (which may be skipped under bucketing)
- deletion tests: replace display(f) with colorbuffer(f) + getscreen()
  since the inline display path doesn't reliably wait for the WGLMakie
  session to be established
---
 ReferenceTests/src/tests/updating.jl    | 10 ++++++++--
 WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ReferenceTests/src/tests/updating.jl b/ReferenceTests/src/tests/updating.jl
index a8089c411bf..17ff041c6e2 100644
--- a/ReferenceTests/src/tests/updating.jl
+++ b/ReferenceTests/src/tests/updating.jl
@@ -108,7 +108,11 @@ end
 @reference_test "deletion" begin
     f = Figure()
     l = Legend(f[1, 1], [LineElement(color = :red)], ["Line"])
-    s = display(f)
+    # Use colorbuffer to initialize the screen with a properly established session.
+    # The generic `display(f)` inline path doesn't reliably wait for the WGLMakie session.
+    Makie.colorbuffer(f)
+    s = Makie.getscreen(f.scene)
+    @test !isnothing(s)
     @test f.scene.current_screens[1] === s
     @test f.scene.children[1].current_screens[1] === s
     @test f.scene.children[1].children[1].current_screens[1] === s
@@ -123,7 +127,9 @@ end
 @reference_test "deletion and observable args" begin
     obs = Observable(1:5)
     f, ax, pl = scatter(obs; markersize = 150)
-    s = display(f)
+    # Use colorbuffer to initialize the screen with a properly established session.
+    # The generic `display(f)` inline path doesn't reliably wait for the WGLMakie session.
+    Makie.colorbuffer(f)
     # So, for GLMakie it will be 2, since we register an additional listener for
     # State changes for the on demand renderloop
     @test length(obs.listeners) in (1, 2)
diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
index d12a3b6bf60..d19ec88b6ee 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent with fixed size div" begin
+    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         DOM.div(
@@ -297,6 +298,7 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent with ResizableCard" begin
+    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         card = TestResizableCard(WGLMakie.WithConfig(fig; use_html_widgets = true, resize_to = :parent))
@@ -309,6 +311,7 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent nested in styled container" begin
+    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         DOM.div(
@@ -326,6 +329,7 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent with multiple figures side by side" begin
+    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig1 = Figure(; size = (600, 400))
         ax1 = Axis(fig1[1, 1]; title = "Left Plot")
@@ -356,6 +360,7 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to body baseline" begin
+    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = Bonito.App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         DOM.div(

From 55abaf8a381943cd2ed062bd12b54b69b79835fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 10:27:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/33] ci: apply bucketing to new reusable workflow structure

Adapt the bucket parallelization to the refactored CI that uses
reusable workflows (_cairomakie.yml, _glmakie.yml, _wglmakie.yml)
and a consolidation step in _reference-tests.yml.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml      |  8 ++-
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml         |  8 ++-
 .github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml | 75 ++++++++++++++++----------
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml        | 10 ++--
 4 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index afce54308a2..37b4ff79258 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   test:
-    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
         arch:
           - x64
+        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -34,13 +35,16 @@ jobs:
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
+        env:
+          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
         run: >
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_CairoMakie_${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: ReferenceImages_CairoMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: ./CairoMakie/test/reference_images/
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 6572dba7828..d880d1f923f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   test:
-    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
     env:
       MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
         arch:
           - x64
+        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -38,13 +39,16 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
         continue-on-error: true
+        env:
+          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_GLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: ReferenceImages_GLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: |
             ./GLMakie/test/reference_images/
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
index 6076b788d0b..d3326e179ec 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
@@ -18,42 +18,61 @@ jobs:
     if: always()
     needs: [cairomakie, glmakie, wglmakie]
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_WGLMakie_1
-          path: ./ReferenceImages/WGLMakie
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+      - name: Download all bucket artifacts for Julia 1
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_CairoMakie_1
-          path: ./ReferenceImages/CairoMakie
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_GLMakie_1
-          path: ./ReferenceImages/GLMakie
+          pattern: ReferenceImages_*_1_*
+          path: ./BucketArtifacts/
       - name: Consolidate reference image folders
         run: |
-          baseDir="./ReferenceImages"
+          baseDir="./BucketArtifacts"
+          outDir="./ReferenceImagesCombined"
+          mkdir -p "$outDir"
+
+          # Copy reference images from the first available artifact (same across all buckets/backends)
+          first_artifact=$(ls -d ${baseDir}/ReferenceImages_*_1_*/ 2>/dev/null | head -1)
+          if [ -n "$first_artifact" ] && [ -d "${first_artifact}/reference" ]; then
+            cp -r "${first_artifact}/reference/." "$outDir/reference/"
+          fi
+
+          # Initialize output files
+          > "$outDir/scores.tsv"
+          > "$outDir/new_files.txt"
+          > "$outDir/missing_files.txt"
+
+          for backend in CairoMakie GLMakie WGLMakie; do
+              mkdir -p "$outDir/recorded/${backend}/"
+
+              # Merge all buckets for this backend
+              for bucket_dir in ${baseDir}/ReferenceImages_${backend}_1_*/; do
+                  [ -d "$bucket_dir" ] || continue
+
+                  # Copy recorded images (no overlap between buckets)
+                  if [ -d "${bucket_dir}/recorded/${backend}/" ]; then
+                      cp -r "${bucket_dir}/recorded/${backend}/." "$outDir/recorded/${backend}/"
+                  fi
 
-          # Create new top-level directory for combined files
-          mkdir -p "./ReferenceImagesCombined"
+                  # Concatenate scores and new_files from each bucket
+                  [ -f "${bucket_dir}/scores.tsv" ] && cat "${bucket_dir}/scores.tsv" >> "$outDir/scores.tsv"
+                  [ -f "${bucket_dir}/new_files.txt" ] && cat "${bucket_dir}/new_files.txt" >> "$outDir/new_files.txt"
+              done
 
-          # Copy the reference folder from GLMakie, it's the same for all backends
-          cp -r "${baseDir}/GLMakie/reference/." "./ReferenceImagesCombined/reference/"
+              # Compute missing_files: reference files that were neither recorded nor skipped
+              if [ -d "$outDir/reference/${backend}" ]; then
+                  first_bucket=$(ls -d ${baseDir}/ReferenceImages_${backend}_1_*/ 2>/dev/null | head -1)
 
-          # Initialize empty files for concatenation
-          > "./ReferenceImagesCombined/scores.tsv"
-          > "./ReferenceImagesCombined/new_files.txt"
+                  # Build sorted list of files that are accounted for (recorded + skipped)
+                  {
+                      [ -d "$outDir/recorded/${backend}" ] && (cd "$outDir/recorded" && find "${backend}" -type f)
+                      [ -n "$first_bucket" ] && [ -f "${first_bucket}/skipped_names.txt" ] && cat "${first_bucket}/skipped_names.txt"
+                  } | sort -u > /tmp/have_or_skip.txt
 
-          # Loop through the directories and concatenate the files, and copy recorded folders
-          for dir in WGLMakie CairoMakie GLMakie; do
-              # Concatenate scores.tsv, new_files.txt and missing_files.txt
-              cat "${baseDir}/${dir}/scores.tsv" >> "./ReferenceImagesCombined/scores.tsv"
-              cat "${baseDir}/${dir}/new_files.txt" >> "./ReferenceImagesCombined/new_files.txt"
-              cat "${baseDir}/${dir}/missing_files.txt" >> "./ReferenceImagesCombined/missing_files.txt"
+                  # Reference files
+                  (cd "$outDir/reference" && find "${backend}" -type f) | sort > /tmp/ref_files.txt
 
-              # Copy recorded folder
-              mkdir -p "./ReferenceImagesCombined/recorded/${dir}/"
-              cp -r "${baseDir}/${dir}/recorded/${dir}/." "./ReferenceImagesCombined/recorded/${dir}/"
+                  # Missing = reference - (recorded ∪ skipped)
+                  comm -23 /tmp/ref_files.txt /tmp/have_or_skip.txt >> "$outDir/missing_files.txt"
+              fi
           done
 
           echo "Files and folders have been successfully combined into ReferenceImagesCombined."
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index bc037485a87..23b66d17a09 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   test:
-    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
         arch:
           - x64
+        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -35,18 +36,21 @@ jobs:
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
+        env:
+          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_WGLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: ReferenceImages_WGLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: ./WGLMakie/test/reference_images/
       - name: Upload test Electron logs
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: Electron_Logs_WGLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: Electron_Logs_WGLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: ./WGLMakie/test/electron.log
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}

From 8d02ac57573758b68c81b0167e79dca768dc4709 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 10:57:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/33] ci: share Julia cache across buckets of same
 backend+version

Use a custom cache-name with include-matrix: false so all 4 buckets
of the same backend and Julia version share one cache entry. Without
this, each bucket gets its own cache key (including the bucket number),
causing every bucket to precompile independently (~11 min each).

On the first run buckets still precompile in parallel (unavoidable),
but on subsequent runs all buckets hit the shared cache immediately.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 3 +++
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 3 +++
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 3 +++
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 37b4ff79258..90e7220c07c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ jobs:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
           arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          include-matrix: false
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index d880d1f923f..9be648a5d14 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ jobs:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
           arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          include-matrix: false
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 23b66d17a09..5616fc65d3a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ jobs:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
           arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          include-matrix: false
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}

From 15c480008c93f872b8045598fa6c04c75049fc83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 11:01:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/33] refactor: use contiguous chunks instead of interleaved
 bucket assignment

Contiguous chunks (tests 1-95 in bucket 1, 96-190 in bucket 2, etc.)
mean each bucket touches fewer distinct code paths than interleaved
mod1(i, N) assignment, reducing JIT/compilation overhead.

A dry-run counting pass determines the total number of tests before
the real run. Since the test files are already compiled from the
counting pass, the second include is essentially free.
---
 ReferenceTests/src/database.jl | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl b/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
index c38bc0e15e2..f037d433318 100644
--- a/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
+++ b/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ const SKIP_TITLES = Set{String}()
 const SKIP_FUNCTIONS = Set{Symbol}()
 const COUNTER = Ref(0)
 const TOTAL_COUNTER = Ref(0) # counts all @reference_test invocations, used for bucket assignment
+const TOTAL_TESTS = Ref(0) # total number of tests across all files, set before running for chunked bucketing
+const COUNT_ONLY = Ref(false) # when true, @reference_test only counts without running
 const SKIPPED_NAMES = Set{String}() # names skipped due to title exclusion or function exclusion
 
 """
@@ -35,7 +37,17 @@ function should_run_in_bucket(test_index::Int)
     nbuckets_str = get(ENV, "REFTEST_NBUCKETS", nothing)
     bucket_str = get(ENV, "REFTEST_BUCKET", nothing)
     (nbuckets_str === nothing || bucket_str === nothing) && return true
-    return mod1(test_index, parse(Int, nbuckets_str)) == parse(Int, bucket_str)
+    nbuckets = parse(Int, nbuckets_str)
+    bucket = parse(Int, bucket_str)
+    # Use contiguous chunks rather than interleaving so that each bucket
+    # touches fewer distinct code paths, reducing JIT/compilation overhead.
+    ntotal = TOTAL_TESTS[]
+    if ntotal <= 0
+        # Total unknown, fall back to interleaved assignment
+        return mod1(test_index, nbuckets) == bucket
+    end
+    chunk_size = cld(ntotal, nbuckets) # ceil division
+    return (bucket - 1) * chunk_size < test_index <= min(bucket * chunk_size, ntotal)
 end
 
 """
@@ -50,7 +62,9 @@ macro reference_test(name, code)
     skip = (title in SKIP_TITLES) || any(x -> x in funcs, SKIP_FUNCTIONS)
     return quote
         ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] += 1
-        if !ReferenceTests.should_run_in_bucket(ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[])
+        if ReferenceTests.COUNT_ONLY[]
+            # Counting pass, don't run anything
+        elseif !ReferenceTests.should_run_in_bucket(ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[])
             # Not in this bucket, skip entirely
         else
             @testset $(title) begin
@@ -136,12 +150,24 @@ macro include_reference_tests(backend::Symbol, path, paths...)
             ReferenceTests.RECORDING_DIR[] = joinpath(recording_dir, "recorded", $(string(backend)))
             mkpath(ReferenceTests.RECORDING_DIR[])
 
+            # Count total tests via a dry-run pass (test files are already
+            # compiled so the second include is essentially free)
+            ReferenceTests.COUNT_ONLY[] = true
+            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] = 0
+            for include_path in include_paths
+                include(include_path)
+            end
+            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_TESTS[] = ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[]
+            ReferenceTests.COUNT_ONLY[] = false
+            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] = 0
+
             # Log bucket configuration
             let
                 nb = get(ENV, "REFTEST_NBUCKETS", nothing)
                 b = get(ENV, "REFTEST_BUCKET", nothing)
                 if nb !== nothing && b !== nothing
-                    @info "Running reference test bucket $(b)/$(nb)"
+                    ntotal = ReferenceTests.TOTAL_TESTS[]
+                    @info "Running reference test bucket $(b)/$(nb) ($(ntotal) total tests)"
                 end
             end
 

From edac37d1f5b9a8aa16a5b37e24e78ddd3a3197a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 11:35:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/33] ci: add precompilation setup job, reduce Cairo/GL to 2
 buckets

Each backend now has a setup job that installs packages and runs
Pkg.precompile() before the bucket jobs start. Bucket jobs restore
the shared cache, so precompilation is already done.

Bucket counts adjusted to match backend speed:
- CairoMakie: 2 buckets (faster backend)
- GLMakie: 2 buckets (faster backend)
- WGLMakie: 4 buckets (slowest, ~1h unbucketed)

This reduces total runner-hours while keeping wall-clock time low,
which matters with limited org runner capacity.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 42 +++++++++++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 90e7220c07c..009801b3285 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -3,27 +3,45 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
+  setup:
+    name: Setup CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          include-matrix: false
+      - name: Install and precompile
+        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        run: |
+          using Pkg;
+          pkg"registry up"
+          Pkg.update()
+          pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+          Pkg.precompile()
+
   test:
-    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    needs: setup
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        version:
-          - '1.10'
-          - '1'
-        os:
-          - ubuntu-latest
-        arch:
-          - x64
-        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
         with:
           cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -32,7 +50,6 @@ jobs:
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
           using Pkg;
-          # dev mono repo versions
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
@@ -40,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
+          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
         run: >
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 9be648a5d14..884f204bce0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -3,29 +3,48 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
+  setup:
+    name: Setup GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          include-matrix: false
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
+      - name: Install and precompile
+        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        run: |
+          using Pkg;
+          pkg"registry up"
+          Pkg.update()
+          pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+          Pkg.precompile()
+
   test:
-    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
+    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    needs: setup
     env:
       MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        version:
-          - '1.10'
-          - '1'
-        os:
-          - ubuntu-latest
-        arch:
-          - x64
-        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
         with:
           cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -35,7 +54,6 @@ jobs:
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
           using Pkg;
-          # dev mono repo versions
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
@@ -44,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
+          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 5616fc65d3a..6c5c3448598 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -3,27 +3,46 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
+  setup:
+    name: Setup WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          include-matrix: false
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
+      - name: Install and precompile
+        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        run: |
+          using Pkg;
+          pkg"registry up"
+          Pkg.update()
+          pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+          Pkg.precompile()
+
   test:
     name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: setup
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        version:
-          - '1.10'
-          - '1'
-        os:
-          - ubuntu-latest
-        arch:
-          - x64
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
         bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-          arch: ${{ matrix.arch }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
         with:
           cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -33,7 +52,6 @@ jobs:
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
           using Pkg;
-          # dev mono repo versions
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"

From 87f3c6a9f2f268eb0c0bd439831b843500984d08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 11:38:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/33] ci: use Pkg.test for setup precompilation via
 PRECOMPILE_ONLY

Use Pkg.test with PRECOMPILE_ONLY=true in the setup job instead of
Pkg.precompile(). This ensures the test environment is resolved and
precompiled with exactly the same settings and dependencies as the
real test run. The test scripts exit(0) immediately when the flag
is set, after Pkg.test has done its precompilation work.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 7 +++++--
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 9 +++++++--
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 9 +++++++--
 CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl       | 3 +++
 GLMakie/test/runtests.jl          | 3 +++
 WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl         | 4 ++++
 6 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 009801b3285..4ba9f39d05a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -19,14 +19,17 @@ jobs:
         with:
           cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
           include-matrix: false
-      - name: Install and precompile
+      - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-          Pkg.precompile()
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
 
   test:
     name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 884f204bce0..f051ac2849a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -20,14 +20,19 @@ jobs:
           cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
           include-matrix: false
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
-      - name: Install and precompile
+      - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-          Pkg.precompile()
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+        run: >
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
 
   test:
     name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 6c5c3448598..77cdd39c0f3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -20,14 +20,19 @@ jobs:
           cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
           include-matrix: false
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
-      - name: Install and precompile
+      - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-          Pkg.precompile()
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+        run: >
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
 
   test:
     name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
diff --git a/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl b/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
index 7d2d2e7d2e4..bf38203cb11 100644
--- a/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
+# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
+get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
+
 using Test
 using CairoMakie
 using Makie.FileIO
diff --git a/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl b/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
index 47dfbc3de7b..f47d1edc424 100644
--- a/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
+# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
+get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
+
 using Makie
 using GLMakie, Test
 using FileIO
diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl b/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
index 5f468350376..d24b3e94cc4 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
+
+# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
+get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
+
 ENV["ELECTRON_LOG_FILE"] = joinpath(@__DIR__, "electron.log")
 ENV["ELECTRON_ENABLE_LOGGING"] = "true"
 

From f186eef496f084ad972fef6eb3efbd53c3ea442f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 11:41:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/33] ci: transfer precompiled depot via artifact instead of
 cache

The julia-actions/cache post step runs too late to be available
to dependent jobs in the same run. Instead, upload compiled/,
packages/, and artifacts/ as an artifact from the setup job.
Bucket jobs download and extract it before running tests.

The julia-actions/cache is kept on the setup job for cross-run
caching (subsequent pushes to the same PR).
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 16 +++++++++++++---
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 16 +++++++++++++---
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 16 +++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 4ba9f39d05a..0962e7c94aa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -30,6 +30,15 @@ jobs:
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
+      - name: Upload Julia depot
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: |
+            ~/.julia/compiled
+            ~/.julia/packages
+            ~/.julia/artifacts
+          retention-days: 1
 
   test:
     name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
@@ -45,10 +54,11 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+      - name: Download Julia depot
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          include-matrix: false
+          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: ~/.julia
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         run: |
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index f051ac2849a..8b22c28b939 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -33,6 +33,15 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
+      - name: Upload Julia depot
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: |
+            ~/.julia/compiled
+            ~/.julia/packages
+            ~/.julia/artifacts
+          retention-days: 1
 
   test:
     name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
@@ -50,10 +59,11 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+      - name: Download Julia depot
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          include-matrix: false
+          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: ~/.julia
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 77cdd39c0f3..6a2fc667361 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -33,6 +33,15 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
+      - name: Upload Julia depot
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: |
+            ~/.julia/compiled
+            ~/.julia/packages
+            ~/.julia/artifacts
+          retention-days: 1
 
   test:
     name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
@@ -48,10 +57,11 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+      - name: Download Julia depot
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          include-matrix: false
+          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: ~/.julia
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}

From a6e20640a76a96d3a9cfa1c7d84ccdeadeb1b6a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 11:59:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/33] fix(ci): transfer Manifest.toml with depot, skip
 install in buckets

The bucket jobs were re-running pkg"dev ..." which regenerated the
Manifest with different state hashes, partially invalidating the
compiled pkgimages from the setup job and causing segfaults.

Fix: include monorepo/Manifest.toml in the depot artifact and skip
the install step in bucket jobs entirely, so the environment is
byte-identical to the setup job.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 17 ++++++++---------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 19 +++++++++----------
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 19 +++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 0962e7c94aa..454feb3756c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot
+      - name: Upload Julia depot and Manifest
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ jobs:
             ~/.julia/compiled
             ~/.julia/packages
             ~/.julia/artifacts
+            ~/.julia/scratchspaces
+            monorepo/Manifest.toml
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -54,18 +56,15 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot
+      - name: Download Julia depot and Manifest
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: ~/.julia
-      - name: Install Julia dependencies
-        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+          path: .
+      - name: Restore depot to home
         run: |
-          using Pkg;
-          pkg"registry up"
-          Pkg.update()
-          pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+          cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
+          rm -rf .julia
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 8b22c28b939..171167f8070 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot
+      - name: Upload Julia depot and Manifest
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ jobs:
             ~/.julia/compiled
             ~/.julia/packages
             ~/.julia/artifacts
+            ~/.julia/scratchspaces
+            monorepo/Manifest.toml
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -59,19 +61,16 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot
+      - name: Download Julia depot and Manifest
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: ~/.julia
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
-      - name: Install Julia dependencies
-        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+          path: .
+      - name: Restore depot to home
         run: |
-          using Pkg;
-          pkg"registry up"
-          Pkg.update()
-          pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+          cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
+          rm -rf .julia
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
         continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 6a2fc667361..d56a3f673ce 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot
+      - name: Upload Julia depot and Manifest
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ jobs:
             ~/.julia/compiled
             ~/.julia/packages
             ~/.julia/artifacts
+            ~/.julia/scratchspaces
+            monorepo/Manifest.toml
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -57,19 +59,16 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot
+      - name: Download Julia depot and Manifest
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: ~/.julia
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
-      - name: Install Julia dependencies
-        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+          path: .
+      - name: Restore depot to home
         run: |
-          using Pkg;
-          pkg"registry up"
-          Pkg.update()
-          pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+          cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
+          rm -rf .julia
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:

From 297d1768d7de5b6044014ad217388cc9409fb552 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 12:12:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/33] fix(ci): create ~/.julia before restoring depot
 artifact

---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 1 +
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 1 +
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 1 +
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 454feb3756c..84d75bc274a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ jobs:
           path: .
       - name: Restore depot to home
         run: |
+          mkdir -p ~/.julia
           cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
           rm -rf .julia
       - name: Run the tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 171167f8070..7109e56aff2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ jobs:
           path: .
       - name: Restore depot to home
         run: |
+          mkdir -p ~/.julia
           cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
           rm -rf .julia
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index d56a3f673ce..b60862a31cb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ jobs:
           path: .
       - name: Restore depot to home
         run: |
+          mkdir -p ~/.julia
           cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
           rm -rf .julia
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev

From faaa76ea192bc3f9765411e476f2dc9ee9b84551 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 12:40:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/33] fix(ci): split depot and Manifest into separate
 artifacts

Mixing ~/.julia/ paths and workspace paths in one artifact caused
upload-artifact to use /home/runner/ as LCA, mangling the Manifest
path on download. Split into two artifacts per backend:
- julia-depot: ~/.julia/{compiled,packages,artifacts,scratchspaces}
  downloaded directly to ~/.julia
- manifest: monorepo/Manifest.toml downloaded to monorepo/
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 84d75bc274a..8f332508329 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot and Manifest
+      - name: Upload Julia depot
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -39,7 +39,12 @@ jobs:
             ~/.julia/packages
             ~/.julia/artifacts
             ~/.julia/scratchspaces
-            monorepo/Manifest.toml
+          retention-days: 1
+      - name: Upload Manifest
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: manifest-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: monorepo/Manifest.toml
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -56,16 +61,16 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot and Manifest
+      - name: Download Julia depot
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: .
-      - name: Restore depot to home
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p ~/.julia
-          cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
-          rm -rf .julia
+          path: ~/.julia
+      - name: Download Manifest
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: manifest-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: monorepo
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 7109e56aff2..c4de5502661 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot and Manifest
+      - name: Upload Julia depot
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -42,7 +42,12 @@ jobs:
             ~/.julia/packages
             ~/.julia/artifacts
             ~/.julia/scratchspaces
-            monorepo/Manifest.toml
+          retention-days: 1
+      - name: Upload Manifest
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: manifest-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: monorepo/Manifest.toml
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -61,16 +66,16 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot and Manifest
+      - name: Download Julia depot
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: .
-      - name: Restore depot to home
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p ~/.julia
-          cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
-          rm -rf .julia
+          path: ~/.julia
+      - name: Download Manifest
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: manifest-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: monorepo
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index b60862a31cb..17b5edfb615 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot and Manifest
+      - name: Upload Julia depot
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
@@ -42,7 +42,12 @@ jobs:
             ~/.julia/packages
             ~/.julia/artifacts
             ~/.julia/scratchspaces
-            monorepo/Manifest.toml
+          retention-days: 1
+      - name: Upload Manifest
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: manifest-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: monorepo/Manifest.toml
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -59,16 +64,16 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
           version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot and Manifest
+      - name: Download Julia depot
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: .
-      - name: Restore depot to home
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p ~/.julia
-          cp -r .julia/* ~/.julia/
-          rm -rf .julia
+          path: ~/.julia
+      - name: Download Manifest
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: manifest-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: monorepo
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true

From 8ba48826f1a43a5e174f1d158d1c2321224cfb6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 13:04:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/33] revert: drop setup job, use shared caches only

GitHub Actions artifacts don't preserve file permissions (executables
lose +x) and Julia's compiled pkgimages segfault when loaded on a
different runner instance. Both issues make the setup-job-with-artifact
approach unviable for sharing precompilation state.

Go back to the simpler design: shared cache keys across buckets of
the same backend+version. First run precompiles in parallel (same
wall-clock), subsequent runs all hit cache.

Also remove the now-unused PRECOMPILE_ONLY guards from runtests.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 50 ++-------------------------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 57 +++----------------------------
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 53 ++--------------------------
 CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl       |  3 --
 GLMakie/test/runtests.jl          |  3 --
 WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl         |  3 --
 6 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 158 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 8f332508329..f278f9552fd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-  setup:
-    name: Setup CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+  test:
+    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -26,51 +27,6 @@ jobs:
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        env:
-          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: |
-            ~/.julia/compiled
-            ~/.julia/packages
-            ~/.julia/artifacts
-            ~/.julia/scratchspaces
-          retention-days: 1
-      - name: Upload Manifest
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: manifest-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: monorepo/Manifest.toml
-          retention-days: 1
-
-  test:
-    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
-    needs: setup
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
-        bucket: [1, 2]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: ~/.julia
-      - name: Download Manifest
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: manifest-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: monorepo
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index c4de5502661..044e6f05d15 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -3,13 +3,16 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-  setup:
-    name: Setup GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+  test:
+    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    env:
+      MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -27,56 +30,6 @@ jobs:
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        env:
-          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-        run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: |
-            ~/.julia/compiled
-            ~/.julia/packages
-            ~/.julia/artifacts
-            ~/.julia/scratchspaces
-          retention-days: 1
-      - name: Upload Manifest
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: manifest-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: monorepo/Manifest.toml
-          retention-days: 1
-
-  test:
-    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
-    needs: setup
-    env:
-      MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
-        bucket: [1, 2]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: ~/.julia
-      - name: Download Manifest
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: manifest-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: monorepo
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
         continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 17b5edfb615..e9edd181b15 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-  setup:
-    name: Setup WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+  test:
+    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -27,54 +28,6 @@ jobs:
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        env:
-          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-        run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
-      - name: Upload Julia depot
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: |
-            ~/.julia/compiled
-            ~/.julia/packages
-            ~/.julia/artifacts
-            ~/.julia/scratchspaces
-          retention-days: 1
-      - name: Upload Manifest
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: manifest-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: monorepo/Manifest.toml
-          retention-days: 1
-
-  test:
-    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
-    needs: setup
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
-        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
-      - name: Download Julia depot
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: ~/.julia
-      - name: Download Manifest
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: manifest-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: monorepo
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl b/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
index bf38203cb11..7d2d2e7d2e4 100644
--- a/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
-# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
-get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
-
 using Test
 using CairoMakie
 using Makie.FileIO
diff --git a/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl b/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
index f47d1edc424..47dfbc3de7b 100644
--- a/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
-# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
-get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
-
 using Makie
 using GLMakie, Test
 using FileIO
diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl b/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
index d24b3e94cc4..fd648806183 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
-# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
-get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
-
 ENV["ELECTRON_LOG_FILE"] = joinpath(@__DIR__, "electron.log")
 ENV["ELECTRON_ENABLE_LOGGING"] = "true"
 

From bbb5b252a74bedc2fe358d819277008af674c45b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 13:09:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/33] ci: use tar-based depot artifact to preserve file
 permissions

upload-artifact uses zip which strips Unix permissions (executable
bits), breaking compiled pkgimages and binaries like Electron.

Fix: tar the depot ourselves before uploading, preserving all
permissions. Bucket jobs extract with tar, getting a byte-identical
depot including correct executable bits on .so files and binaries.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl       |  3 +++
 GLMakie/test/runtests.jl          |  3 +++
 WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl         |  3 +++
 6 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index f278f9552fd..f3f43e7fcd5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+  setup:
+    name: Setup CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         version: ['1.10', '1']
-        bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -27,6 +26,39 @@ jobs:
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
+      - name: Package depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces && tar -rf /tmp/depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+      - name: Upload depot tarball
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  test:
+    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    needs: setup
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+      - name: Download depot tarball
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar -C ~ && tar -xf depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 044e6f05d15..d97cc02fbe3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -3,16 +3,13 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
-    env:
-      MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
+  setup:
+    name: Setup GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         version: ['1.10', '1']
-        bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -30,6 +27,44 @@ jobs:
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+        run: >
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
+      - name: Package depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces && tar -rf /tmp/depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+      - name: Upload depot tarball
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  test:
+    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    needs: setup
+    env:
+      MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+      - name: Download depot tarball
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar -C ~ && tar -xf depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
         continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index e9edd181b15..e3fa8582900 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -3,14 +3,13 @@ on:
   workflow_call:
 
 jobs:
-  test:
-    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
+  setup:
+    name: Setup WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         version: ['1.10', '1']
-        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -28,6 +27,42 @@ jobs:
           pkg"registry up"
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+        run: >
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
+      - name: Package depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces && tar -rf /tmp/depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+      - name: Upload depot tarball
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  test:
+    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
+    needs: setup
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        version: ['1.10', '1']
+        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+      - name: Download depot tarball
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar -C ~ && tar -xf depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl b/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
index 7d2d2e7d2e4..bf38203cb11 100644
--- a/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/CairoMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
+# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
+get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
+
 using Test
 using CairoMakie
 using Makie.FileIO
diff --git a/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl b/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
index 47dfbc3de7b..f47d1edc424 100644
--- a/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/GLMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
+# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
+get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
+
 using Makie
 using GLMakie, Test
 using FileIO
diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl b/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
index fd648806183..d24b3e94cc4 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 ENV["ENABLE_COMPUTE_CHECKS"] = "true"
 
+# Allow Pkg.test to be used purely for precompilation (setup job in CI)
+get(ENV, "PRECOMPILE_ONLY", nothing) == "true" && exit(0)
+
 ENV["ELECTRON_LOG_FILE"] = joinpath(@__DIR__, "electron.log")
 ENV["ELECTRON_ENABLE_LOGGING"] = "true"
 

From 4dc850c8b388f2fdeb8066da25a8e99383c5ab5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 13:33:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/33] refactor: replace counting pass with regex-based test
 count
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The dry-run counting pass (include files with COUNT_ONLY=true)
caused method override warnings from double-including the test
files. Replace with a simple regex count of @reference_test
occurrences, recursively following include("...") directives.

If the count is slightly off (e.g. a test uses a loop), the last
bucket just gets a few more tests — no correctness issue.
---
 ReferenceTests/src/database.jl | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl b/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
index f037d433318..45ebd279492 100644
--- a/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
+++ b/ReferenceTests/src/database.jl
@@ -23,9 +23,33 @@ const SKIP_FUNCTIONS = Set{Symbol}()
 const COUNTER = Ref(0)
 const TOTAL_COUNTER = Ref(0) # counts all @reference_test invocations, used for bucket assignment
 const TOTAL_TESTS = Ref(0) # total number of tests across all files, set before running for chunked bucketing
-const COUNT_ONLY = Ref(false) # when true, @reference_test only counts without running
 const SKIPPED_NAMES = Set{String}() # names skipped due to title exclusion or function exclusion
 
+"""
+    count_reference_tests(paths)
+
+Count `@reference_test` occurrences by reading files as text, recursively
+following `include("...")` directives relative to each file's directory.
+"""
+function count_reference_tests(paths)
+    n = 0
+    for path in paths
+        n += _count_in_file(path)
+    end
+    return n
+end
+
+function _count_in_file(path)
+    text = read(path, String)
+    n = count(r"@reference_test\b", text)
+    dir = dirname(path)
+    for m in eachmatch(r"include\(\"([^\"]+)\"\)", text)
+        child = joinpath(dir, m.captures[1])
+        isfile(child) && (n += _count_in_file(child))
+    end
+    return n
+end
+
 """
     should_run_in_bucket(test_index::Int)
 
@@ -62,9 +86,7 @@ macro reference_test(name, code)
     skip = (title in SKIP_TITLES) || any(x -> x in funcs, SKIP_FUNCTIONS)
     return quote
         ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] += 1
-        if ReferenceTests.COUNT_ONLY[]
-            # Counting pass, don't run anything
-        elseif !ReferenceTests.should_run_in_bucket(ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[])
+        if !ReferenceTests.should_run_in_bucket(ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[])
             # Not in this bucket, skip entirely
         else
             @testset $(title) begin
@@ -150,16 +172,8 @@ macro include_reference_tests(backend::Symbol, path, paths...)
             ReferenceTests.RECORDING_DIR[] = joinpath(recording_dir, "recorded", $(string(backend)))
             mkpath(ReferenceTests.RECORDING_DIR[])
 
-            # Count total tests via a dry-run pass (test files are already
-            # compiled so the second include is essentially free)
-            ReferenceTests.COUNT_ONLY[] = true
-            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] = 0
-            for include_path in include_paths
-                include(include_path)
-            end
-            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_TESTS[] = ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[]
-            ReferenceTests.COUNT_ONLY[] = false
-            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_COUNTER[] = 0
+            # Count total @reference_test occurrences for chunked bucket assignment
+            ReferenceTests.TOTAL_TESTS[] = ReferenceTests.count_reference_tests(include_paths)
 
             # Log bucket configuration
             let

From b6a78c1681bd6068df515a0306e9261126750d06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 14:34:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/33] fix(wglmakie): reset Electron window size before each
 screenshot

The resize_to EScreenshot tests measure DOM bounding boxes to determine
screenshot size. If the Electron window starts at a different size
(depending on what previous tests left behind), the layout engine
produces different bounding boxes, leading to screenshots of the wrong
size ("images don't have the same size, difference will be Inf").

Reset the window to 1200x900 before each display() call so the layout
starts from a deterministic state.
---
 WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
index d19ec88b6ee..698a1e43e45 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ EScreenshot(display, app::Bonito.App) = EScreenshot(display, app, true)  # Defau
 
 function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
     rm(path; force = true)
+    # Reset window to a known size before displaying so layout starts from
+    # a deterministic state regardless of what previous tests left behind
+    Electron.ElectronAPI.setContentSize(edisplay.window.window, 1200, 900)
     display(edisplay, app)
     win = edisplay.window.window
     Bonito.wait_for_ready(app)

From e3d32a73d0614246e3c1e78a4547eecb07706fc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Apr 2026 19:34:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/33] fix(wglmakie): normalize EScreenshot size to logical
 content dimensions

capturePage() captures at the device pixel ratio, which can differ
between CI runs depending on Electron window state. Resize the
captured image to the logical content size (win_size) before saving,
so screenshots have deterministic pixel dimensions regardless of DPR.
---
 WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl | 16 +++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
index 698a1e43e45..7b564892b7e 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ EScreenshot(display, app::Bonito.App) = EScreenshot(display, app, true)  # Defau
 
 function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
     rm(path; force = true)
-    # Reset window to a known size before displaying so layout starts from
-    # a deterministic state regardless of what previous tests left behind
-    Electron.ElectronAPI.setContentSize(edisplay.window.window, 1200, 900)
-    display(edisplay, app)
     win = edisplay.window.window
+    # Reset window to a known size and force device scale factor to 1
+    # so screenshots have deterministic pixel dimensions regardless of
+    # what previous tests left behind or the host's DPI setting
+    Electron.ElectronAPI.setContentSize(win, 1200, 900)
+    run(win, "window.devicePixelRatio = 1")
+    display(edisplay, app)
     Bonito.wait_for_ready(app)
     sleep(1)
     win_size = run(
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
     )
     Electron.ElectronAPI.setContentSize(win, win_size...)
     winid = win.id
+    target_w, target_h = win_size
     sleep(1) # do we need time for resize and relayouting? And is there an event we could wait for?
     # Normalize path for JavaScript (replace backslashes with forward slashes on Windows)
     js_path = replace(path, '\\' => '/')
@@ -74,8 +77,11 @@ function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
         """
         const win = BrowserWindow.fromId($winid)
         win.webContents.capturePage().then(image => {
+            // Resize to the logical content size to normalize out devicePixelRatio
+            // differences (e.g. Retina 2x vs CI xvfb 1x)
+            const resized = image.resize({ width: $target_w, height: $target_h })
             const screenshotPath = '$(js_path)';
-            require('fs').writeFileSync(screenshotPath, image.toPNG());
+            require('fs').writeFileSync(screenshotPath, resized.toPNG());
             console.log('Screenshot saved to', screenshotPath);
         }).catch(err => {
             console.error('Screenshot error:', err);

From 15a8ac8db170a9190368bbc27a6276dc2ea26b8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 09:13:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/33] fix(wglmakie): revert snapshot_figure changes, remove
 wrong activate! calls

set_theme!() in @reference_test resets CURRENT_DEFAULT_THEME completely,
including WGLMakie screen config to px_per_unit=1, scalefactor=1. So the
resize_to tests' references were generated with those defaults, not with
px_per_unit=2 from the preceding test's activate! call.

Remove the activate!(px_per_unit=2) calls from resize_to tests - they
were incorrectly overriding what set_theme! establishes. Also revert
the snapshot_figure window reset and image resize changes which were
workarounds for this misdiagnosis.
---
 WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl | 18 ++----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
index 7b564892b7e..d12a3b6bf60 100644
--- a/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
+++ b/WGLMakie/test/html_widgets_refimages.jl
@@ -17,13 +17,8 @@ EScreenshot(display, app::Bonito.App) = EScreenshot(display, app, true)  # Defau
 
 function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
     rm(path; force = true)
-    win = edisplay.window.window
-    # Reset window to a known size and force device scale factor to 1
-    # so screenshots have deterministic pixel dimensions regardless of
-    # what previous tests left behind or the host's DPI setting
-    Electron.ElectronAPI.setContentSize(win, 1200, 900)
-    run(win, "window.devicePixelRatio = 1")
     display(edisplay, app)
+    win = edisplay.window.window
     Bonito.wait_for_ready(app)
     sleep(1)
     win_size = run(
@@ -68,7 +63,6 @@ function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
     )
     Electron.ElectronAPI.setContentSize(win, win_size...)
     winid = win.id
-    target_w, target_h = win_size
     sleep(1) # do we need time for resize and relayouting? And is there an event we could wait for?
     # Normalize path for JavaScript (replace backslashes with forward slashes on Windows)
     js_path = replace(path, '\\' => '/')
@@ -77,11 +71,8 @@ function snapshot_figure(edisplay, app, path; capture_full_page = false)
         """
         const win = BrowserWindow.fromId($winid)
         win.webContents.capturePage().then(image => {
-            // Resize to the logical content size to normalize out devicePixelRatio
-            // differences (e.g. Retina 2x vs CI xvfb 1x)
-            const resized = image.resize({ width: $target_w, height: $target_h })
             const screenshotPath = '$(js_path)';
-            require('fs').writeFileSync(screenshotPath, resized.toPNG());
+            require('fs').writeFileSync(screenshotPath, image.toPNG());
             console.log('Screenshot saved to', screenshotPath);
         }).catch(err => {
             console.error('Screenshot error:', err);
@@ -292,7 +283,6 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent with fixed size div" begin
-    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         DOM.div(
@@ -307,7 +297,6 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent with ResizableCard" begin
-    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         card = TestResizableCard(WGLMakie.WithConfig(fig; use_html_widgets = true, resize_to = :parent))
@@ -320,7 +309,6 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent nested in styled container" begin
-    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         DOM.div(
@@ -338,7 +326,6 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to parent with multiple figures side by side" begin
-    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = App() do
         fig1 = Figure(; size = (600, 400))
         ax1 = Axis(fig1[1, 1]; title = "Left Plot")
@@ -369,7 +356,6 @@ end
 end
 
 @reference_test "resize_to body baseline" begin
-    WGLMakie.activate!(; use_html_widgets = true, px_per_unit = 2, scalefactor = 2)
     app = Bonito.App() do
         fig = create_test_figure()
         DOM.div(

From 8e739d4586d6eed894a24cf6672de7eb9ca79ede Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 10:10:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/33] ci: make benchmark comment-triggered with /benchmark
 command
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Change from running on every PR to only when a collaborator comments
/benchmark on a PR. This saves CI resources for PRs that don't need
benchmarking.

Also triple the sample count (20 → 60) since benchmarks now run on
demand rather than on every push.
---
 .github/workflows/compilation-benchmark.yaml | 52 ++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilation-benchmark.yaml b/.github/workflows/compilation-benchmark.yaml
index aa0dde4e33c..86b2375cb9b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/compilation-benchmark.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilation-benchmark.yaml
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 name: Benchmark
 on:
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'docs/**'
-      - '*.md'
-    branches:
-      - master
+  issue_comment:
+    types: [created]
 
 concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.event.issue.number }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 jobs:
   benchmark:
     name: ${{ matrix.package }}
+    if: >
+      github.event.issue.pull_request &&
+      contains(github.event.comment.body, '/benchmark') &&
+      (github.event.comment.author_association == 'MEMBER' ||
+       github.event.comment.author_association == 'OWNER' ||
+       github.event.comment.author_association == 'COLLABORATOR')
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
@@ -23,8 +25,19 @@ jobs:
           - GLMakie
           - WGLMakie
     steps:
+      - name: Get PR head ref
+        id: pr
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          pr_data=$(gh api repos/${{ github.repository }}/pulls/${{ github.event.issue.number }})
+          echo "ref=$(echo $pr_data | jq -r .head.ref)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "sha=$(echo $pr_data | jq -r .head.sha)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "base_ref=$(echo $pr_data | jq -r .base.ref)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ steps.pr.outputs.ref }}
       - name: Install xvfb
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
@@ -35,9 +48,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Benchmark
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.BENCHMARK_KEY }}
-          PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.number }}
+          PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
         run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --project=./metrics/ttfp/ ./metrics/ttfp/run-benchmark.jl ${{ matrix.package }} 20 ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }}
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --project=./metrics/ttfp/ ./metrics/ttfp/run-benchmark.jl ${{ matrix.package }} 60 ${{ steps.pr.outputs.base_ref }}
       - name: Upload plots as artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
@@ -45,11 +58,19 @@ jobs:
           path: ./benchmark_results
   post-gist:
     name: Post Benchmark Gist
-    needs: benchmark  # Wait for all benchmark jobs to complete
+    needs: benchmark
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     permissions:
-      statuses: write       # Permission to post workflow status
+      statuses: write
     steps:
+      - name: Get PR head SHA
+        id: pr
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        run: |
+          sha=$(gh api repos/${{ github.repository }}/pulls/${{ github.event.issue.number }} --jq .head.sha)
+          echo "sha=$sha" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
       - name: Check token validity
         id: check_token
         env:
@@ -57,7 +78,6 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           if [ -z "$BENCHMARK_KEY" ]; then
             echo "Benchmark key missing — skipping benchmark upload."
-            echo "NOTE: Benchmark key is not accessible for outside contributors"
             echo "has_token=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           else
             echo "has_token=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -93,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:
             --method POST \
             -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
             -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-            /repos/${{ github.repository }}/statuses/${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} \
+            /repos/${{ github.repository }}/statuses/${{ steps.pr.outputs.sha }} \
             -f "state=success" \
             -f "context=Benchmark Results" \
             -f "description=Plots are available under Details" \
@@ -104,11 +124,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: thollander/actions-comment-pull-request@v3
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.BENCHMARK_KEY }}
-          comment-tag: benchmark # this allows to update the same post with new data
+          pr-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
+          comment-tag: benchmark
           message: |
             # Benchmark Results
 
-            SHA: [${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/commit/${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }})
+            SHA: [${{ steps.pr.outputs.sha }}](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/commit/${{ steps.pr.outputs.sha }})
 
             > [!WARNING]
             > These results are subject to substantial noise because GitHub's CI runs on shared machines that are not ideally suited for benchmarking.
@@ -116,4 +137,3 @@ jobs:
             ![GLMakie](${{ env.GIST_URL_USERCONTENT }}/raw/GLMakie.svg)
             ![CairoMakie](${{ env.GIST_URL_USERCONTENT }}/raw/CairoMakie.svg)
             ![WGLMakie](${{ env.GIST_URL_USERCONTENT }}/raw/WGLMakie.svg)
-

From 2692ac897728b2ef987718f9cbe15b1e9185ec8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 10:22:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 19/33] ci: compress depot tarball with zstd to speed up
 upload/download

---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 6 +++---
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 6 +++---
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index f3f43e7fcd5..4b8057b6cc6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ jobs:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces && tar -rf /tmp/depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: /tmp/depot.tar
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar -C ~ && tar -xf depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index d97cc02fbe3..4def8b1e312 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ jobs:
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces && tar -rf /tmp/depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: /tmp/depot.tar
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar -C ~ && tar -xf depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index e3fa8582900..40ecd735363 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ jobs:
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces && tar -rf /tmp/depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
-          path: /tmp/depot.tar
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar -C ~ && tar -xf depot.tar monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true

From d932aaa5978b80a7d6521aa36e7d86113f302419 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:06:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 20/33] fix(ci): create monorepo/ dir before extracting
 Manifest

---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 4b8057b6cc6..4b17a96852f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 4def8b1e312..8051a3ac638 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Run the tests
         id: referencetests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 40ecd735363..71fefeb209c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Run the tests
         continue-on-error: true

From 6ded86055a5445caa5180c3a4d91739ac0d1679c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:18:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 21/33] ci: disable auto-precompilation during pkg dev step

Set JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO=0 on the install step so pkg"dev ..."
doesn't trigger precompilation. Precompilation happens once during
Pkg.test() which resolves the full test environment including test
deps. Without this, dev triggers a precompile pass against the
monorepo env, then Pkg.test resolves the test env and precompiles
again.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 2 ++
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 2 ++
 .github/workflows/_rprmakie.yml   | 2 ++
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 2 ++
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 4b17a96852f..2bbb2bc2014 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ jobs:
           include-matrix: false
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 8051a3ac638..056c77cf85c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ jobs:
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_rprmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_rprmakie.yml
index 2fd252a6720..7370eac3905 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_rprmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_rprmakie.yml
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 71fefeb209c..a3b160f6a77 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ jobs:
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg;
           pkg"registry up"

From 36ef14ecb2907a70a8fefcd593fea406249112fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:19:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 22/33] ci: disable auto-precompile in compute-pipeline and
 makie workflows too

---
 .github/workflows/_compute-pipeline.yml | 2 ++
 .github/workflows/_makie.yml            | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_compute-pipeline.yml b/.github/workflows/_compute-pipeline.yml
index 93d2830665c..d923db80995 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_compute-pipeline.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_compute-pipeline.yml
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
       - name: Develop and test ComputePipeline
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg
           # dev mono repo versions
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_makie.yml b/.github/workflows/_makie.yml
index 1a488243aaa..df9d7a8e20c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_makie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_makie.yml
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ jobs:
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
       - name: Develop and test Makie
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg
           # dev mono repo versions

From d2b96429477c39e985015d41105568ba9c4a4737 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:33:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 23/33] ci: decouple Julia versions so bucket jobs don't wait
 across versions

Backend workflows now take julia-version as an input instead of using
a version matrix. _reference-tests.yml calls each backend twice (once
per version). This means Julia 1.10 bucket jobs start as soon as the
1.10 setup finishes, without waiting for the Julia 1 setup (or vice
versa).
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml      | 25 ++++++++++++------------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml         | 25 ++++++++++++------------
 .github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml | 15 ++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml        | 27 +++++++++++++-------------
 4 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 2bbb2bc2014..b0fa972bb54 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 name: CairoMakie
 on:
   workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      julia-version:
+        required: true
+        type: string
 
 jobs:
   setup:
-    name: Setup CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    name: Setup CairoMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
         with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
           include-matrix: false
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
@@ -37,28 +37,27 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload depot tarball
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
           path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
-    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
     needs: setup
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
         bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - name: Download depot tarball
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
         run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - name: Run the tests
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_CairoMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          name: ReferenceImages_CairoMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: ./CairoMakie/test/reference_images/
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 056c77cf85c..321d599a039 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 name: GLMakie
 on:
   workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      julia-version:
+        required: true
+        type: string
 
 jobs:
   setup:
-    name: Setup GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    name: Setup GLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
         with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
           include-matrix: false
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload depot tarball
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
           path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
-    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
+    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
     needs: setup
     env:
       MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
@@ -53,17 +53,16 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
         bucket: [1, 2]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - name: Download depot tarball
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
         run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_GLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          name: ReferenceImages_GLMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: |
             ./GLMakie/test/reference_images/
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
index d3326e179ec..be8967fc25e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
@@ -4,13 +4,28 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   cairomakie:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        julia-version: ['1.10', '1']
     uses: ./.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+    with:
+      julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
 
   glmakie:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        julia-version: ['1.10', '1']
     uses: ./.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+    with:
+      julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
 
   wglmakie:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        julia-version: ['1.10', '1']
     uses: ./.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+    with:
+      julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
 
   consolidation:
     name: Merge artifacts
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index a3b160f6a77..06e511caa09 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 name: WGLMakie
 on:
   workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      julia-version:
+        required: true
+        type: string
 
 jobs:
   setup:
-    name: Setup WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }}
+    name: Setup WGLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
         with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
           include-matrix: false
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
@@ -40,28 +40,27 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload depot tarball
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
           path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
 
   test:
-    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ matrix.version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
+    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
     needs: setup
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        version: ['1.10', '1']
         bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:
-          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - name: Download depot tarball
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
-          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ matrix.version }}
+          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
       - name: Extract depot and Manifest
         run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
@@ -76,12 +75,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_WGLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          name: ReferenceImages_WGLMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: ./WGLMakie/test/reference_images/
       - name: Upload test Electron logs
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
-          name: Electron_Logs_WGLMakie_${{ matrix.version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          name: Electron_Logs_WGLMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
           path: ./WGLMakie/test/electron.log
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}

From 77e6aae635241754f35d508347aba2bef4740f54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 19:58:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 24/33] debug: add JULIA_DEBUG=loading to CairoMakie bucket 1
 to diagnose 1.10 recompilation

---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index b0fa972bb54..1a11175d5db 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
           REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
+          JULIA_DEBUG: ${{ matrix.bucket == 1 && 'loading' || '' }}
         run: >
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV

From 1fc0cd93fa9f0dab4af8d5748597f984fa9b75e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 20:34:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 25/33] fix(ci): match coverage=true in setup precompile to
 avoid flag mismatch

On Julia 1.10, coverage=true causes Pkg.test to spawn the subprocess
with use_pkgimages=false. The setup job was precompiling without
coverage (use_pkgimages=true), so the bucket jobs rejected all cached
.ji files due to the flag mismatch. Pass coverage=true in the setup
job's Pkg.test call so precompilation uses identical flags.

Also removes the JULIA_DEBUG=loading diagnostic from the previous
commit.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 3 +--
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 2 +-
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 1a11175d5db..a4c593f0ad4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
+        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ jobs:
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
           REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
-          JULIA_DEBUG: ${{ matrix.bucket == 1 && 'loading' || '' }}
         run: >
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 321d599a039..096ff8e8b30 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie", coverage=true)'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 06e511caa09..d72af303d9b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie", coverage=true)'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball

From 062759e15e3ec90da67d154be1cd1bdf538bd24c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Apr 2026 20:37:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 26/33] ci: remove unused coverage from backend test workflows

Coverage was configured with everything disabled (.codecov.yml has
project: false, patch: false, annotations: false). Removing it lets
Julia 1.10 use pkgimages (coverage=true forces use_pkgimages=false
on 1.10), significantly speeding up package loading in bucket jobs.
---
 .codecov.yml                      | 7 -------
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 8 +-------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 8 +-------
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 8 +-------
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .codecov.yml

diff --git a/.codecov.yml b/.codecov.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 6adca0c9580..00000000000
--- a/.codecov.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-comment: false
-coverage:
-  status:
-    project: false
-    patch: false
-github_checks:
-    annotations: false
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index a4c593f0ad4..e1df8b57561 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
+        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
@@ -76,9 +76,3 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
         run: exit 1
-      - uses: julia-actions/julia-processcoverage@v1
-        with:
-          directories: Makie/src
-      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v6
-        with:
-          file: lcov.info
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 096ff8e8b30..66708a85e17 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie", coverage=true)'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
@@ -84,9 +84,3 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
         run: exit 1
-      - uses: julia-actions/julia-processcoverage@v1
-        with:
-          directories: Makie/src
-      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v6
-        with:
-          file: lcov.info
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index d72af303d9b..30fab287f2c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie", coverage=true)'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
       - name: Upload depot tarball
@@ -85,9 +85,3 @@ jobs:
       - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
         if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
         run: exit 1
-      - uses: julia-actions/julia-processcoverage@v1
-        with:
-          directories: Makie/src
-      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v6
-        with:
-          file: lcov.info

From f5e13aeac85f7d185084ae4436f81dc33c697c36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 21:43:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 27/33] debug: add JULIA_DEBUG=loading to all setup jobs

---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 1 +
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 1 +
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 1 +
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index e1df8b57561..18c1b370c8b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
         run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 66708a85e17..236618d00d0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 30fab287f2c..70723e16419 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'

From b366a3cd250c5e01bf07a093762debcd2caf11b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Apr 2026 21:54:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 28/33] ci: set JULIA_CPU_TARGET for portable pkgimages across
 runner fleet

GitHub Actions runners are heterogeneous (mix of AMD Zen3, Intel
Haswell, etc.). Pkgimages compiled for znver3 are rejected on Intel
runners ("runtime-disabled features"). Use the same multi-target
string as Julia's official binaries so pkgimages work on any x86_64
runner.

Also removes remaining coverage=true from WGLMakie/GLMakie bucket
jobs that were missed in the previous commit.
---
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml | 4 +++-
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml    | 4 +++-
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml   | 4 +++-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
index 18c1b370c8b..b8b2b5d318e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
           JULIA_DEBUG: loading
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
@@ -66,8 +67,9 @@ jobs:
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
           REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: >
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie", coverage=true)'
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
index 236618d00d0..4a70da16e99 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
           JULIA_DEBUG: loading
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
@@ -73,8 +74,9 @@ jobs:
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
           REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie", coverage=true)'
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
index 70723e16419..ee0abaa81d3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
           JULIA_DEBUG: loading
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: >
           DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
@@ -70,8 +71,9 @@ jobs:
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
           REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie", coverage=true)'
+          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
           && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7

From 1a4de460c26314ddf5728a8e67be0bb21ec78d43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 09:51:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 29/33] ci: unify backend workflows into single parameterized
 _backend-tests.yml

Replace the three near-identical _cairomakie.yml, _glmakie.yml,
_wglmakie.yml with a single _backend-tests.yml that takes inputs for
backend name, Julia version, bucket count, system packages, and shell.

The bucket list is auto-generated from nbuckets via seq|jq in the
setup job, eliminating the redundant bucket-list input.

The shell input allows callers to wrap test execution in xvfb-run
for display-dependent backends.
---
 .github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml   | 114 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml      |  81 ------------------
 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml         |  89 -------------------
 .github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml |  14 ++-
 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml        |  90 -------------------
 5 files changed, 125 insertions(+), 263 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
 delete mode 100644 .github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7c79b6c6165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+name: Backend tests
+on:
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      julia-version:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      backend:
+        required: true
+        type: string
+        description: 'Backend name, e.g. CairoMakie, GLMakie, WGLMakie'
+      nbuckets:
+        required: false
+        type: number
+        default: 2
+      system-packages:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: ''
+        description: 'apt packages to install (space-separated)'
+      shell:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: 'bash -eo pipefail {0}'
+        description: 'Shell for test steps. Use e.g. DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run ... bash -eo pipefail {0} for display-dependent backends.'
+
+jobs:
+  setup:
+    name: Setup ${{ inputs.backend }} Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      bucket-list: ${{ steps.buckets.outputs.list }}
+    steps:
+      - id: buckets
+        run: echo "list=$(seq 1 ${{ inputs.nbuckets }} | jq -s .)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
+      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          cache-name: julia-cache-${{ inputs.backend }}-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
+          include-matrix: false
+      - name: Install system dependencies
+        if: inputs.system-packages != ''
+        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y ${{ inputs.system-packages }}
+      - name: Install Julia dependencies
+        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
+        env:
+          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
+        run: |
+          using Pkg;
+          pkg"registry up"
+          Pkg.update()
+          pkg"dev ./Makie ./${{ inputs.backend }} ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
+      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
+        shell: ${{ inputs.shell }}
+        env:
+          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
+        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
+      - name: Package depot and Manifest
+        run: >
+          cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml &&
+          tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~
+          .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
+      - name: Upload depot tarball
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-${{ inputs.backend }}-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
+          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  test:
+    name: ${{ inputs.backend }} Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/${{ inputs.nbuckets }}
+    needs: setup
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        bucket: ${{ fromJSON(needs.setup.outputs.bucket-list) }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
+        with:
+          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
+      - name: Download depot tarball
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          name: julia-depot-${{ inputs.backend }}-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
+      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
+        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
+      - name: Install system dependencies
+        if: inputs.system-packages != ''
+        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y ${{ inputs.system-packages }}
+      - name: Run the tests
+        shell: ${{ inputs.shell }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        env:
+          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: ${{ inputs.nbuckets }}
+          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
+        run: |
+          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
+          echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Upload test Artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: ReferenceImages_${{ inputs.backend }}_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
+          path: ./${{ inputs.backend }}/test/reference_images/
+      - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
+        if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
+        run: exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index b8b2b5d318e..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-name: CairoMakie
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      julia-version:
-        required: true
-        type: string
-
-jobs:
-  setup:
-    name: Setup CairoMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-cairomakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-          include-matrix: false
-      - name: Install Julia dependencies
-        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
-        env:
-          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
-        run: |
-          using Pkg;
-          pkg"registry up"
-          Pkg.update()
-          pkg"dev ./Makie ./CairoMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        env:
-          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
-          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
-      - name: Package depot and Manifest
-        run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
-      - name: Upload depot tarball
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
-          retention-days: 1
-
-  test:
-    name: CairoMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
-    needs: setup
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        bucket: [1, 2]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - name: Download depot tarball
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-cairomakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
-      - name: Run the tests
-        continue-on-error: true
-        env:
-          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
-          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: >
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("CairoMakie")'
-          && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Upload test Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_CairoMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          path: ./CairoMakie/test/reference_images/
-      - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
-        if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
-        run: exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a70da16e99..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-name: GLMakie
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      julia-version:
-        required: true
-        type: string
-
-jobs:
-  setup:
-    name: Setup GLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-glmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-          include-matrix: false
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
-      - name: Install Julia dependencies
-        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
-        env:
-          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
-        run: |
-          using Pkg;
-          pkg"registry up"
-          Pkg.update()
-          pkg"dev ./Makie ./GLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        env:
-          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
-          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
-      - name: Package depot and Manifest
-        run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
-      - name: Upload depot tarball
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
-          retention-days: 1
-
-  test:
-    name: GLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/2
-    needs: setup
-    env:
-      MODERNGL_DEBUGGING: "true"
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        bucket: [1, 2]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - name: Download depot tarball
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-glmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
-      - name: Run the tests
-        id: referencetests
-        continue-on-error: true
-        env:
-          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '2'
-          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 1024x768x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("GLMakie")'
-          && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Upload test Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_GLMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          path: |
-            ./GLMakie/test/reference_images/
-      - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
-        if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
-        run: exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
index be8967fc25e..71e5a161380 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
@@ -7,25 +7,33 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         julia-version: ['1.10', '1']
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/_cairomakie.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
     with:
       julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
+      backend: CairoMakie
 
   glmakie:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         julia-version: ['1.10', '1']
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/_glmakie.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
     with:
       julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
+      backend: GLMakie
+      system-packages: xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
+      shell: 'DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 1024x768x24" bash -eo pipefail {0}'
 
   wglmakie:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         julia-version: ['1.10', '1']
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
     with:
       julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
+      backend: WGLMakie
+      nbuckets: 4
+      system-packages: xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
+      shell: 'DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 2048x2048x24" bash -eo pipefail {0}'
 
   consolidation:
     name: Merge artifacts
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml b/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ee0abaa81d3..00000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/_wglmakie.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-name: WGLMakie
-on:
-  workflow_call:
-    inputs:
-      julia-version:
-        required: true
-        type: string
-
-jobs:
-  setup:
-    name: Setup WGLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - uses: julia-actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          cache-name: julia-cache-wglmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-          include-matrix: false
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
-      - name: Install Julia dependencies
-        shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
-        env:
-          JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
-        run: |
-          using Pkg;
-          pkg"registry up"
-          Pkg.update()
-          pkg"dev ./Makie ./WGLMakie ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
-      - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        env:
-          PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
-          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24'
-          julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
-      - name: Package depot and Manifest
-        run: cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml && tar -cf /tmp/depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program zstdmt -C ~ .julia/compiled .julia/packages .julia/artifacts .julia/scratchspaces .julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml
-      - name: Upload depot tarball
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-          path: /tmp/depot.tar.zst
-          retention-days: 1
-
-  test:
-    name: WGLMakie Julia ${{ inputs.julia-version }} bucket ${{ matrix.bucket }}/4
-    needs: setup
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        bucket: [1, 2, 3, 4]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
-        with:
-          version: ${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - name: Download depot tarball
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
-        with:
-          name: julia-depot-wglmakie-${{ inputs.julia-version }}
-      - name: Extract depot and Manifest
-        run: tar -xf depot.tar.zst --use-compress-program unzstd -C ~ && mkdir -p monorepo && cp ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml monorepo/Manifest.toml
-      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
-      - name: Run the tests
-        continue-on-error: true
-        env:
-          REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          REFTEST_NBUCKETS: '4'
-          JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: >
-          DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s '-screen 0 2048x2048x24' julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("WGLMakie")'
-          && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Upload test Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: ReferenceImages_WGLMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          path: ./WGLMakie/test/reference_images/
-      - name: Upload test Electron logs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
-        with:
-          name: Electron_Logs_WGLMakie_${{ inputs.julia-version }}_${{ matrix.bucket }}
-          path: ./WGLMakie/test/electron.log
-      - name: Fail after artifacts if tests failed
-        if: ${{ env.TESTS_SUCCESSFUL != 'true' }}
-        run: exit 1

From 97d0a18821f22a2cea10b1a4086a041d6dd626f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 09:56:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 30/33] fix(ci): replace shell input with test-prefix (shell
 doesn't support expressions)

---
 .github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml   | 15 +++++++--------
 .github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
index 7c79b6c6165..64f555a2e9b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ on:
         type: string
         default: ''
         description: 'apt packages to install (space-separated)'
-      shell:
+      test-prefix:
         required: false
         type: string
-        default: 'bash -eo pipefail {0}'
-        description: 'Shell for test steps. Use e.g. DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run ... bash -eo pipefail {0} for display-dependent backends.'
+        default: ''
+        description: 'Command prefix for test execution, e.g. "DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s \"-screen 0 1024x768x24\""'
 
 jobs:
   setup:
@@ -54,12 +54,11 @@ jobs:
           Pkg.update()
           pkg"dev ./Makie ./${{ inputs.backend }} ./ReferenceTests ./ComputePipeline"
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
-        shell: ${{ inputs.shell }}
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
           JULIA_DEBUG: loading
           JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
+        run: ${{ inputs.test-prefix }} julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: >
           cp monorepo/Manifest.toml ~/.julia/monorepo-Manifest.toml &&
@@ -95,15 +94,15 @@ jobs:
         if: inputs.system-packages != ''
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y ${{ inputs.system-packages }}
       - name: Run the tests
-        shell: ${{ inputs.shell }}
         continue-on-error: true
         env:
           REFTEST_BUCKET: ${{ matrix.bucket }}
           REFTEST_NBUCKETS: ${{ inputs.nbuckets }}
           JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
-        run: |
+        run: >
+          ${{ inputs.test-prefix }}
           julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
-          echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          && echo "TESTS_SUCCESSFUL=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Upload test Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
index 71e5a161380..80ca90ee547 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_reference-tests.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       julia-version: ${{ matrix.julia-version }}
       backend: GLMakie
       system-packages: xorg-dev mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev xsettingsd x11-xserver-utils
-      shell: 'DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 1024x768x24" bash -eo pipefail {0}'
+      test-prefix: 'DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 1024x768x24"'
 
   wglmakie:
     strategy:
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
       backend: WGLMakie
       nbuckets: 4
       system-packages: xorg-dev libosmesa6 libgl1-mesa-dri mesa-utils xvfb libgl1 freeglut3-dev libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev
-      shell: 'DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 2048x2048x24" bash -eo pipefail {0}'
+      test-prefix: 'DISPLAY=:0 xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 2048x2048x24"'
 
   consolidation:
     name: Merge artifacts

From 573e609a18fa6fa3612082b67f4cad484f7535f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 10:01:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 31/33] fix(ci): use compact jq output for bucket list

---
 .github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
index 64f555a2e9b..ccd2d9f4073 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       bucket-list: ${{ steps.buckets.outputs.list }}
     steps:
       - id: buckets
-        run: echo "list=$(seq 1 ${{ inputs.nbuckets }} | jq -s .)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        run: echo "list=$(seq 1 ${{ inputs.nbuckets }} | jq -cs .)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
         with:

From a2f00766b0672f781e03064d0207d327c9a56917 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 12:19:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 32/33] ci: remove JULIA_DEBUG=loading from setup jobs

---
 .github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
index ccd2d9f4073..ff764a0465f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
-          JULIA_DEBUG: loading
           JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
         run: ${{ inputs.test-prefix }} julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest

From 23ac427c038a770f8c62190b27486a1b6bdfabb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Julius Krumbiegel <julius.krumbiegel@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Apr 2026 12:26:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 33/33] ci: add comments about pkgimage cache mismatches and
 coverage

---
 .github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
index ff764a0465f..b7f49164916 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/_backend-tests.yml
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install Julia dependencies
         shell: julia --project=monorepo {0}
         env:
+          # Don't precompile here; Pkg.test below handles it with the correct
+          # test environment and flags.
           JULIA_PKG_PRECOMPILE_AUTO: '0'
         run: |
           using Pkg;
@@ -56,7 +58,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: Precompile via Pkg.test
         env:
           PRECOMPILE_ONLY: 'true'
+          # Portable CPU target so pkgimages work across GitHub's heterogeneous
+          # runner fleet (mix of AMD Zen3, Intel Haswell, etc.).
           JULIA_CPU_TARGET: 'generic;sandybridge,-xsaveopt,clone_all;haswell,-rdrnd,base(1)'
+        # NOTE: coverage is intentionally omitted. On Julia 1.10, coverage=true
+        # disables pkgimages (use_pkgimages=false), causing cache flag mismatches
+        # between setup and bucket jobs. If coverage is re-enabled, this must be
+        # set identically here and in the bucket test step.
         run: ${{ inputs.test-prefix }} julia --color=yes --project=monorepo -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.test("${{ inputs.backend }}")'
       - name: Package depot and Manifest
         run: >