33_vulkan_profiles.cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <assert.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

#if defined(__INTELLISENSE__) || !defined(USE_CPP20_MODULES)
#	include <vulkan/vulkan_raii.hpp>
#else
import vulkan_hpp;
#endif
#include <vulkan/vulkan_profiles.hpp>

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN        // REQUIRED only for GLFW CreateWindowSurface.
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

constexpr uint32_t WIDTH                = 800;
constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT               = 600;
const std::string  MODEL_PATH           = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string  TEXTURE_PATH         = "textures/viking_room.png";
constexpr int      MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

// Application info structure to store profile support flags
struct AppInfo
{
	bool                profileSupported = false;
	VpProfileProperties profile;
};

// Moved struct definitions inside the class

struct Vertex
{
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	glm::vec2 texCoord;

	static vk::VertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription()
	{
		return {0, sizeof(Vertex), vk::VertexInputRate::eVertex};
	}

	static std::array<vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions()
	{
		return {
		    vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription(0, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, pos)),
		    vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription(1, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, color)),
		    vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription(2, 0, vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat, offsetof(Vertex, texCoord))};
	}

	bool operator==(const Vertex &other) const
	{
		return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
	}
};

template <>
struct std::hash<Vertex>
{
	size_t operator()(Vertex const &vertex) const noexcept
	{
		return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
	}
};

struct UniformBufferObject
{
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication
{
  public:
	void run()
	{
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}

  private:
	GLFWwindow                      *window = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Context                context;
	vk::raii::Instance               instance       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger = nullptr;
	vk::raii::SurfaceKHR             surface        = nullptr;
	vk::raii::PhysicalDevice         physicalDevice = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Device                 device         = nullptr;
	uint32_t                         queueIndex     = ~0;
	vk::raii::Queue                  queue          = nullptr;
	vk::raii::SwapchainKHR           swapChain      = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::Image>           swapChainImages;
	vk::SurfaceFormatKHR             swapChainSurfaceFormat;
	vk::Extent2D                     swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<vk::raii::ImageView> swapChainImageViews;

	vk::raii::RenderPass                 renderPass          = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout        descriptorSetLayout = nullptr;
	vk::raii::PipelineLayout             pipelineLayout      = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Pipeline                   graphicsPipeline    = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Framebuffer>   swapChainFramebuffers;
	vk::raii::CommandPool                commandPool = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffers;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore>     imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore>     renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Fence>         inFlightFences;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore>     presentCompleteSemaphore;
	uint32_t                             frameIndex         = 0;
	bool                                 framebufferResized = false;
	vk::raii::Buffer                     vertexBuffer       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory               vertexBufferMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Buffer                     indexBuffer        = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory               indexBufferMemory  = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Buffer>        uniformBuffers;
	std::vector<vk::raii::DeviceMemory>  uniformBuffersMemory;
	std::vector<void *>                  uniformBuffersMapped;
	vk::raii::DescriptorPool             descriptorPool = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::DescriptorSet> descriptorSets;
	vk::raii::Image                      textureImage       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory               textureImageMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::ImageView                  textureImageView   = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Sampler                    textureSampler     = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Image                      depthImage         = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory               depthImageMemory   = nullptr;
	vk::raii::ImageView                  depthImageView     = nullptr;
	std::vector<Vertex>                  vertices;
	std::vector<uint32_t>                indices;
	vk::SampleCountFlagBits              msaaSamples      = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
	vk::raii::Image                      colorImage       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory               colorImageMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::ImageView                  colorImageView   = nullptr;

	// Application info to store profile support
	AppInfo appInfo = {};

	struct SwapChainSupportDetails
	{
		vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR        capabilities;
		std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
		std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR>   presentModes;
	};

	const std::vector<const char *> requiredDeviceExtension = {
	    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME};

	void initWindow()
	{
		glfwInit();
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_TRUE);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan Profiles Demo", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow *window, int, int)
	{
		auto app                = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication *>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}

	void initVulkan()
	{
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		checkFeatureSupport();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();

		// Create render pass only if not using dynamic rendering
		if (!appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			createRenderPass();
		}

		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();

		// Create framebuffers only if not using dynamic rendering
		if (!appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			createFramebuffers();
		}

		createCommandPool();
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createTextureImage();
		createTextureImageView();
		createTextureSampler();
		loadModel();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSyncObjects();
	}

	void mainLoop()
	{
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
		{
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}

		device.waitIdle();
	}

	void cleanupSwapChain()
	{
		swapChainFramebuffers.clear();
		swapChainImageViews.clear();

		// Semaphores tied to swapchain image indices need to be rebuilt on resize
		presentCompleteSemaphore.clear();
		for (auto &imageView : swapChainImageViews)
		{
			imageView = nullptr;
		}

		swapChainImageViews.clear();
		swapChain = nullptr;
	}

	void cleanup()
	{
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);
		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void recreateSwapChain()
	{
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0)
		{
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}

		device.waitIdle();

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();

		// Recreate traditional render pass and framebuffers if not using profiles
		if (!appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			createRenderPass();
			createFramebuffers();
		}

		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();

		// Recreate per-swapchain-image present semaphores after resize
		presentCompleteSemaphore.reserve(swapChainImages.size());
		vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); ++i)
		{
			presentCompleteSemaphore.push_back(device.createSemaphore(semaphoreInfo));
		}
	}

	void createInstance()
	{
		constexpr vk::ApplicationInfo appInfo{
		    .pApplicationName   = "Vulkan Profiles Demo",
		    .applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
		    .pEngineName        = "No Engine",
		    .engineVersion      = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
		    .apiVersion         = vk::ApiVersion14};

		auto extensions = getRequiredInstanceExtensions();

		vk::InstanceCreateInfo createInfo{
		    .pApplicationInfo        = &appInfo,
		    .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size()),
		    .ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data()};

		instance = vk::raii::Instance(context, createInfo);
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger()
	{
		// Always set up the debug messenger
		// It will only be used if validation layers are enabled via vulkanconfig

		vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severityFlags(
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eVerbose |
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning |
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError);

		vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageTypeFlags(
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eGeneral |
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::ePerformance |
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eValidation);

		vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT{
		    .messageSeverity = severityFlags,
		    .messageType     = messageTypeFlags,
		    .pfnUserCallback = &debugCallback};

		try
		{
			debugMessenger = instance.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT);
		}
		catch (vk::SystemError &err)
		{
			// If the debug utils extension is not available, this will fail
			// That's okay, it just means validation layers aren't enabled
			std::cout << "Debug messenger not available. Validation layers may not be enabled." << std::endl;
		}
	}

	void createSurface()
	{
		VkSurfaceKHR _surface;
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(*instance, window, nullptr, &_surface) != 0)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
		surface = vk::raii::SurfaceKHR(instance, _surface);
	}

	bool isDeviceSuitable(vk::raii::PhysicalDevice const &physicalDevice)
	{
		// Check if the physicalDevice supports the Vulkan 1.3 API version
		bool supportsVulkan1_3 = physicalDevice.getProperties().apiVersion >= VK_API_VERSION_1_3;

		// Check if any of the queue families support graphics operations
		auto queueFamilies    = physicalDevice.getQueueFamilyProperties();
		bool supportsGraphics = std::ranges::any_of(queueFamilies, [](auto const &qfp) { return !!(qfp.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics); });

		// Check if all required physicalDevice extensions are available
		auto availableDeviceExtensions = physicalDevice.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties();
		bool supportsAllRequiredExtensions =
		    std::ranges::all_of(requiredDeviceExtension,
		                        [&availableDeviceExtensions](auto const &requiredDeviceExtension) {
			                        return std::ranges::any_of(availableDeviceExtensions,
			                                                   [requiredDeviceExtension](auto const &availableDeviceExtension) { return strcmp(availableDeviceExtension.extensionName, requiredDeviceExtension) == 0; });
		                        });

		// Return true if the physicalDevice meets all the criteria
		return supportsVulkan1_3 && supportsGraphics && supportsAllRequiredExtensions;
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice()
	{
		std::vector<vk::raii::PhysicalDevice> physicalDevices = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices();
		auto const                            devIter         = std::ranges::find_if(physicalDevices, [&](auto const &physicalDevice) { return isDeviceSuitable(physicalDevice); });
		if (devIter == physicalDevices.end())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
		physicalDevice = *devIter;
		msaaSamples    = getMaxUsableSampleCount();

		// Print device information
		vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties = physicalDevice.getProperties();
		std::cout << "Selected GPU: " << deviceProperties.deviceName << std::endl;
		std::cout << "API Version: " << VK_VERSION_MAJOR(deviceProperties.apiVersion) << "."
		          << VK_VERSION_MINOR(deviceProperties.apiVersion) << "."
		          << VK_VERSION_PATCH(deviceProperties.apiVersion) << std::endl;
	}

	void checkFeatureSupport()
	{
		// Define the KHR roadmap 2022 profile - more widely supported than 2024
		appInfo.profile = {
		    VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_NAME,
		    VP_KHR_ROADMAP_2022_SPEC_VERSION};

		// Check if the profile is supported
		VkBool32 supported = VK_FALSE;
		VkResult result    = vpGetPhysicalDeviceProfileSupport(
            *instance,
            *physicalDevice,
            &appInfo.profile,
            &supported);

		if (result == VK_SUCCESS && supported == VK_TRUE)
		{
			appInfo.profileSupported = true;
			std::cout << "Using KHR roadmap 2022 profile" << std::endl;
		}
		else
		{
			appInfo.profileSupported = false;
			std::cout << "Falling back to traditional rendering (profile not supported)" << std::endl;

			// If we wanted to implement fallback, we would call detectFeatureSupport() here
			// But for this example, we'll just use traditional rendering if the profile isn't supported
		}
	}

	void createLogicalDevice()
	{
		std::vector<vk::QueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilyProperties = physicalDevice.getQueueFamilyProperties();

		// get the first index into queueFamilyProperties which supports both graphics and present
		for (uint32_t qfpIndex = 0; qfpIndex < queueFamilyProperties.size(); qfpIndex++)
		{
			if ((queueFamilyProperties[qfpIndex].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) &&
			    physicalDevice.getSurfaceSupportKHR(qfpIndex, *surface))
			{
				// found a queue family that supports both graphics and present
				queueIndex = qfpIndex;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (queueIndex == ~0)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("Could not find a queue for graphics and present -> terminating");
		}

		float                     queuePriority = 0.5f;
		vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo deviceQueueCreateInfo{.queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex, .queueCount = 1, .pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority};

		if (appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			// Create device with Best Practices profile

			// Enable required features
			vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2 features2;
			vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures  deviceFeatures{};
			deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
			deviceFeatures.sampleRateShading = VK_TRUE;
			features2.features               = deviceFeatures;

			// Enable dynamic rendering
			vk::PhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures dynamicRenderingFeatures;
			dynamicRenderingFeatures.dynamicRendering = VK_TRUE;
			features2.pNext                           = &dynamicRenderingFeatures;

			// Create a vk::DeviceCreateInfo with the required features
			vk::DeviceCreateInfo vkDeviceCreateInfo{
			    .pNext                   = &features2,
			    .queueCreateInfoCount    = 1,
			    .pQueueCreateInfos       = &deviceQueueCreateInfo,
			    .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredDeviceExtension.size()),
			    .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredDeviceExtension.data()};

			// Create the device with the vk::DeviceCreateInfo
			device = vk::raii::Device(physicalDevice, vkDeviceCreateInfo);

			std::cout << "Created logical device using KHR roadmap 2022 profile" << std::endl;
		}
		else
		{
			// Fallback to manual device creation
			vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
			deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
			deviceFeatures.sampleRateShading = VK_TRUE;

			vk::DeviceCreateInfo createInfo{
			    .queueCreateInfoCount    = 1,
			    .pQueueCreateInfos       = &deviceQueueCreateInfo,
			    .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredDeviceExtension.size()),
			    .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredDeviceExtension.data(),
			    .pEnabledFeatures        = &deviceFeatures};

			device = vk::raii::Device(physicalDevice, createInfo);

			std::cout << "Created logical device using manual feature selection" << std::endl;
		}

		queue = device.getQueue(queueIndex, 0);
	}

	void createSwapChain()
	{
		vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfaceCapabilities = physicalDevice.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(*surface);
		swapChainExtent                                = chooseSwapExtent(surfaceCapabilities);
		uint32_t minImageCount                         = chooseSwapMinImageCount(surfaceCapabilities);

		std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> availableFormats = physicalDevice.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(*surface);
		swapChainSurfaceFormat                             = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(availableFormats);

		std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR> availablePresentModes = physicalDevice.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(*surface);
		vk::PresentModeKHR              presentMode           = chooseSwapPresentMode(availablePresentModes);

		vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapChainCreateInfo{.surface          = *surface,
		                                               .minImageCount    = minImageCount,
		                                               .imageFormat      = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		                                               .imageColorSpace  = swapChainSurfaceFormat.colorSpace,
		                                               .imageExtent      = swapChainExtent,
		                                               .imageArrayLayers = 1,
		                                               .imageUsage       = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment,
		                                               .imageSharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
		                                               .preTransform     = surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform,
		                                               .compositeAlpha   = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
		                                               .presentMode      = presentMode,
		                                               .clipped          = true};

		swapChain       = device.createSwapchainKHR(swapChainCreateInfo);
		swapChainImages = swapChain.getImages();
	}

	void createImageViews()
	{
		assert(swapChainImageViews.empty());
		swapChainImageViews.reserve(swapChainImages.size());

		for (const auto &image : swapChainImages)
		{
			swapChainImageViews.push_back(createImageView(image, swapChainSurfaceFormat.format, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 1));
		}
	}

	void createRenderPass()
	{
		// This is only called if the Best Practices profile is not supported
		// or if dynamic rendering is not available
		vk::AttachmentDescription colorAttachment{
		    .format         = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		    .samples        = msaaSamples,
		    .loadOp         = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
		    .storeOp        = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
		    .stencilLoadOp  = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare,
		    .stencilStoreOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
		    .initialLayout  = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    .finalLayout    = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal};

		vk::AttachmentDescription depthAttachment{
		    .format         = findDepthFormat(),
		    .samples        = msaaSamples,
		    .loadOp         = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
		    .storeOp        = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
		    .stencilLoadOp  = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare,
		    .stencilStoreOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
		    .initialLayout  = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    .finalLayout    = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal};

		vk::AttachmentDescription colorAttachmentResolve{
		    .format         = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		    .samples        = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
		    .loadOp         = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare,
		    .storeOp        = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
		    .stencilLoadOp  = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare,
		    .stencilStoreOp = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
		    .initialLayout  = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    .finalLayout    = vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR};

		vk::AttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{
		    .attachment = 0,
		    .layout     = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal};

		vk::AttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef{
		    .attachment = 1,
		    .layout     = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal};

		vk::AttachmentReference colorAttachmentResolveRef{
		    .attachment = 2,
		    .layout     = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal};

		vk::SubpassDescription subpass{
		    .pipelineBindPoint       = vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics,
		    .colorAttachmentCount    = 1,
		    .pColorAttachments       = &colorAttachmentRef,
		    .pResolveAttachments     = &colorAttachmentResolveRef,
		    .pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef};

		vk::SubpassDependency dependency{
		    .srcSubpass    = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL,
		    .dstSubpass    = 0,
		    .srcStageMask  = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eEarlyFragmentTests,
		    .dstStageMask  = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eEarlyFragmentTests,
		    .srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eNone,
		    .dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite | vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite};

		std::array<vk::AttachmentDescription, 3> attachments = {colorAttachment, depthAttachment, colorAttachmentResolve};
		vk::RenderPassCreateInfo                 renderPassInfo{
		                    .attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size()),
		                    .pAttachments    = attachments.data(),
		                    .subpassCount    = 1,
		                    .pSubpasses      = &subpass,
		                    .dependencyCount = 1,
		                    .pDependencies   = &dependency};

		renderPass = device.createRenderPass(renderPassInfo);
	}

	void createDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{
		    .binding         = 0,
		    .descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
		    .descriptorCount = 1,
		    .stageFlags      = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex};

		vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding{
		    .binding         = 1,
		    .descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler,
		    .descriptorCount = 1,
		    .stageFlags      = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment};

		std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = {uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding};
		vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo             layoutInfo{
		                .bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size()),
		                .pBindings    = bindings.data()};

		descriptorSetLayout = device.createDescriptorSetLayout(layoutInfo);
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline()
	{
		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

		vk::raii::ShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		vk::raii::ShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{
		    .stage  = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex,
		    .module = *vertShaderModule,
		    .pName  = "main"};

		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{
		    .stage  = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment,
		    .module = *fragShaderModule,
		    .pName  = "main"};

		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

		auto bindingDescription    = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

		vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{
		    .vertexBindingDescriptionCount   = 1,
		    .pVertexBindingDescriptions      = &bindingDescription,
		    .vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size()),
		    .pVertexAttributeDescriptions    = attributeDescriptions.data()};

		vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{
		    .topology               = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList,
		    .primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE};

		vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{
		    .viewportCount = 1,
		    .scissorCount  = 1};

		vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{
		    .depthClampEnable        = VK_FALSE,
		    .rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE,
		    .polygonMode             = vk::PolygonMode::eFill,
		    .cullMode                = vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack,
		    .frontFace               = vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise,
		    .depthBiasEnable         = VK_FALSE,
		    .lineWidth               = 1.0f};

		vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{
		    .rasterizationSamples = msaaSamples,
		    .sampleShadingEnable  = VK_TRUE,
		    .minSampleShading     = 0.2f};

		vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{
		    .depthTestEnable       = VK_TRUE,
		    .depthWriteEnable      = VK_TRUE,
		    .depthCompareOp        = vk::CompareOp::eLess,
		    .depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE,
		    .stencilTestEnable     = VK_FALSE};

		vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{
		    .blendEnable    = VK_FALSE,
		    .colorWriteMask = vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA};

		vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{
		    .logicOpEnable   = VK_FALSE,
		    .logicOp         = vk::LogicOp::eCopy,
		    .attachmentCount = 1,
		    .pAttachments    = &colorBlendAttachment};

		std::vector<vk::DynamicState> dynamicStates = {
		    vk::DynamicState::eViewport,
		    vk::DynamicState::eScissor};

		vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{
		    .dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()),
		    .pDynamicStates    = dynamicStates.data()};

		vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{
		    .setLayoutCount = 1,
		    .pSetLayouts    = &*descriptorSetLayout};

		pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout(pipelineLayoutInfo);

		// Configure pipeline based on whether we're using the KHR roadmap 2022 profile
		// With the KHR roadmap 2022 profile, we can use dynamic rendering
		vk::StructureChain<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo, vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo> pipelineCreateInfoChain = {
		    {.stageCount          = 2,
		     .pStages             = shaderStages,
		     .pVertexInputState   = &vertexInputInfo,
		     .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
		     .pViewportState      = &viewportState,
		     .pRasterizationState = &rasterizer,
		     .pMultisampleState   = &multisampling,
		     .pDepthStencilState  = &depthStencil,
		     .pColorBlendState    = &colorBlending,
		     .pDynamicState       = &dynamicState,
		     .layout              = pipelineLayout,
		     .renderPass          = nullptr},
		    {.colorAttachmentCount = 1, .pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapChainSurfaceFormat.format, .depthAttachmentFormat = findDepthFormat()}};

		if (appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			std::cout << "Creating pipeline with dynamic rendering (KHR roadmap 2022 profile)" << std::endl;
		}
		else
		{
			std::cout << "Creating pipeline with traditional render pass (fallback)" << std::endl;
			pipelineCreateInfoChain.unlink<vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo>();
			pipelineCreateInfoChain.get<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo>().renderPass = *renderPass;
		}

		graphicsPipeline = vk::raii::Pipeline(device, nullptr, pipelineCreateInfoChain.get<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo>());
	}

	void createFramebuffers()
	{
		// This is only called if the Best Practices profile is not supported
		// or if dynamic rendering is not available
		swapChainFramebuffers.reserve(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++)
		{
			std::array<vk::ImageView, 3> attachments = {
			    *colorImageView,
			    *depthImageView,
			    *swapChainImageViews[i]};

			vk::FramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{
			    .renderPass      = *renderPass,
			    .attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size()),
			    .pAttachments    = attachments.data(),
			    .width           = swapChainExtent.width,
			    .height          = swapChainExtent.height,
			    .layers          = 1};

			swapChainFramebuffers.push_back(device.createFramebuffer(framebufferInfo));
		}
	}

	void createCommandPool()
	{
		vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{
		    .flags            = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer,
		    .queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex};

		commandPool = device.createCommandPool(poolInfo);
	}

	void createColorResources()
	{
		vk::Format colorFormat = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format;

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, colorFormat, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransientAttachment | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, colorImage, colorImageMemory);
		colorImageView = createImageView(*colorImage, colorFormat, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 1);
	}

	void createDepthResources()
	{
		vk::Format depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, depthFormat, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(*depthImage, depthFormat, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 1);
	}

	vk::Format findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<vk::Format> &candidates, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::FormatFeatureFlags features)
	{
		for (vk::Format format : candidates)
		{
			vk::FormatProperties props = physicalDevice.getFormatProperties(format);

			if (tiling == vk::ImageTiling::eLinear && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features)
			{
				return format;
			}
			else if (tiling == vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features)
			{
				return format;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
	}

	vk::Format findDepthFormat()
	{
		return findSupportedFormat(
		    {vk::Format::eD32Sfloat, vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint, vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint},
		    vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
		    vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment);
	}

	bool hasStencilComponent(vk::Format format)
	{
		return format == vk::Format::eD32SfloatS8Uint || format == vk::Format::eD24UnormS8Uint;
	}

	void createTextureImage()
	{
		int            texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
		stbi_uc       *pixels    = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
		vk::DeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;
		uint32_t       mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

		if (!pixels)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
		}

		vk::raii::Buffer       stagingBuffer       = nullptr;
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory = nullptr;

		createBuffer(imageSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void *data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, imageSize);
		memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		stbi_image_free(pixels);

		createImage(texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels, vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

		transitionImageLayout(*textureImage, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, mipLevels);
		copyBufferToImage(*stagingBuffer, *textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));

		generateMipmaps(*textureImage, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels);
	}

	void generateMipmaps(vk::Image image, vk::Format imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels)
	{
		vk::FormatProperties formatProperties = physicalDevice.getFormatProperties(imageFormat);

		if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImageFilterLinear))
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");
		}

		vk::raii::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier barrier{
		    .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .image               = image,
		    .subresourceRange    = {
		           .aspectMask     = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
		           .levelCount     = 1,
		           .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		           .layerCount     = 1,
            }};

		int32_t mipWidth  = texWidth;
		int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;

		for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++)
		{
			barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
			barrier.oldLayout                     = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
			barrier.newLayout                     = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;
			barrier.srcAccessMask                 = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
			barrier.dstAccessMask                 = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;

			commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(
			    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
			    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
			    {},
			    std::array<vk::MemoryBarrier, 0>{},
			    std::array<vk::BufferMemoryBarrier, 0>{},
			    std::array<vk::ImageMemoryBarrier, 1>{barrier});

			vk::ImageBlit blit{
			    .srcSubresource = {
			        .aspectMask     = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
			        .mipLevel       = i - 1,
			        .baseArrayLayer = 0,
			        .layerCount     = 1},
			    .srcOffsets     = std::array<vk::Offset3D, 2>{vk::Offset3D{0, 0, 0}, vk::Offset3D{mipWidth, mipHeight, 1}},
			    .dstSubresource = {.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, .mipLevel = i, .baseArrayLayer = 0, .layerCount = 1},
			    .dstOffsets     = std::array<vk::Offset3D, 2>{vk::Offset3D{0, 0, 0}, vk::Offset3D{mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1}}};

			commandBuffer.blitImage(
			    image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal,
			    image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
			    std::array<vk::ImageBlit, 1>{blit},
			    vk::Filter::eLinear);

			barrier.oldLayout     = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal;
			barrier.newLayout     = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

			commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(
			    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
			    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader,
			    {},
			    std::array<vk::MemoryBarrier, 0>{},
			    std::array<vk::BufferMemoryBarrier, 0>{},
			    std::array<vk::ImageMemoryBarrier, 1>{barrier});

			if (mipWidth > 1)
				mipWidth /= 2;
			if (mipHeight > 1)
				mipHeight /= 2;
		}

		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
		barrier.oldLayout                     = vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal;
		barrier.newLayout                     = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
		barrier.srcAccessMask                 = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
		barrier.dstAccessMask                 = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

		commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader,
		    {},
		    std::array<vk::MemoryBarrier, 0>{},
		    std::array<vk::BufferMemoryBarrier, 0>{},
		    std::array<vk::ImageMemoryBarrier, 1>{barrier});

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	vk::raii::ImageView createImageView(vk::Image image, vk::Format format, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels)
	{
		vk::ImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{
		    .image            = image,
		    .viewType         = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
		    .format           = format,
		    .subresourceRange = {
		        .aspectMask     = aspectFlags,
		        .baseMipLevel   = 0,
		        .levelCount     = mipLevels,
		        .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		        .layerCount     = 1}};

		return device.createImageView(viewInfo);
	}

	void createTextureImageView()
	{
		textureImageView = createImageView(*textureImage, vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 1);
	}

	void createTextureSampler()
	{
		vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties = physicalDevice.getProperties();

		vk::SamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{
		    .magFilter               = vk::Filter::eLinear,
		    .minFilter               = vk::Filter::eLinear,
		    .mipmapMode              = vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eLinear,
		    .addressModeU            = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
		    .addressModeV            = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
		    .addressModeW            = vk::SamplerAddressMode::eRepeat,
		    .mipLodBias              = 0.0f,
		    .anisotropyEnable        = VK_TRUE,
		    .maxAnisotropy           = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy,
		    .compareEnable           = VK_FALSE,
		    .compareOp               = vk::CompareOp::eAlways,
		    .minLod                  = 0.0f,
		    .maxLod                  = 0.0f,
		    .borderColor             = vk::BorderColor::eIntOpaqueBlack,
		    .unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE};

		textureSampler = device.createSampler(samplerInfo);
	}

	void createVertexBuffer()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

		vk::raii::Buffer       stagingBuffer       = nullptr;
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory = nullptr;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void *data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(*stagingBuffer, *vertexBuffer, bufferSize);
	}

	void createIndexBuffer()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		vk::raii::Buffer       stagingBuffer       = nullptr;
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory = nullptr;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void *data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(*stagingBuffer, *indexBuffer, bufferSize);
	}

	void createUniformBuffers()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

		// Reserve space but don't resize, as RAII objects can't be default-constructed
		uniformBuffers.reserve(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		uniformBuffersMemory.reserve(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		uniformBuffersMapped.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			vk::raii::Buffer       buffer       = nullptr;
			vk::raii::DeviceMemory bufferMemory = nullptr;
			createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent, buffer, bufferMemory);

			uniformBuffers.push_back(std::move(buffer));
			uniformBuffersMemory.push_back(std::move(bufferMemory));
			uniformBuffersMapped[i] = uniformBuffersMemory[i].mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorPool()
	{
		std::array<vk::DescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes{};
		poolSizes[0].type            = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer;
		poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		poolSizes[1].type            = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler;
		poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

		vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{
		    .flags         = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet,
		    .maxSets       = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT),
		    .poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size()),
		    .pPoolSizes    = poolSizes.data()};

		descriptorPool = device.createDescriptorPool(poolInfo);
	}

	void createDescriptorSets()
	{
		std::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, *descriptorSetLayout);
		vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo        allocInfo{
		           .descriptorPool     = *descriptorPool,
		           .descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT),
		           .pSetLayouts        = layouts.data()};

		descriptorSets = device.allocateDescriptorSets(allocInfo);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			vk::DescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{
			    .buffer = *uniformBuffers[i],
			    .offset = 0,
			    .range  = sizeof(UniformBufferObject)};

			vk::DescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{
			    .sampler     = *textureSampler,
			    .imageView   = *textureImageView,
			    .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal};

			std::array<vk::WriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites{};

			descriptorWrites[0].dstSet          = *descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding      = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo     = &bufferInfo;

			descriptorWrites[1].dstSet          = *descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding      = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo      = &imageInfo;

			device.updateDescriptorSets(descriptorWrites, nullptr);
		}
	}

	void createBuffer(vk::DeviceSize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties, vk::raii::Buffer &buffer, vk::raii::DeviceMemory &bufferMemory)
	{
		vk::BufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{
		    .size        = size,
		    .usage       = usage,
		    .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive};

		buffer = device.createBuffer(bufferInfo);

		vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = buffer.getMemoryRequirements();

		vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .allocationSize  = memRequirements.size,
		    .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)};

		bufferMemory = device.allocateMemory(allocInfo);
		buffer.bindMemory(*bufferMemory, 0);
	}

	void copyBuffer(vk::Buffer srcBuffer, vk::Buffer dstBuffer, vk::DeviceSize size)
	{
		vk::raii::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		vk::BufferCopy copyRegion{
		    .size = size};
		commandBuffer.copyBuffer(srcBuffer, dstBuffer, copyRegion);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void copyBufferToImage(vk::Buffer buffer, vk::Image image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height)
	{
		vk::raii::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		vk::BufferImageCopy region{
		    .bufferOffset      = 0,
		    .bufferRowLength   = 0,
		    .bufferImageHeight = 0,
		    .imageSubresource  = {
		         .aspectMask     = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
		         .mipLevel       = 0,
		         .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		         .layerCount     = 1},
		    .imageOffset = {0, 0, 0},
		    .imageExtent = {width, height, 1}};

		commandBuffer.copyBufferToImage(buffer, image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, region);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, vk::SampleCountFlagBits numSamples, vk::Format format, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties, vk::raii::Image &image, vk::raii::DeviceMemory &imageMemory)
	{
		vk::ImageCreateInfo imageInfo{
		    .imageType = vk::ImageType::e2D,
		    .format    = format,
		    .extent    = {
		           .width  = width,
		           .height = height,
		           .depth  = 1},
		    .mipLevels     = mipLevels,
		    .arrayLayers   = 1,
		    .samples       = numSamples,
		    .tiling        = tiling,
		    .usage         = usage,
		    .sharingMode   = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
		    .initialLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};

		image = device.createImage(imageInfo);

		vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = image.getMemoryRequirements();

		vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .allocationSize  = memRequirements.size,
		    .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)};

		imageMemory = device.allocateMemory(allocInfo);
		image.bindMemory(*imageMemory, 0);
	}

	void transitionImageLayout(vk::Image image, vk::Format format, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels)
	{
		vk::raii::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier barrier{
		    .oldLayout           = oldLayout,
		    .newLayout           = newLayout,
		    .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .image               = image,
		    .subresourceRange    = {
		           .baseMipLevel   = 0,
		           .levelCount     = mipLevels,
		           .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		           .layerCount     = 1}};

		if (newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal)
		{
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth;

			if (hasStencilComponent(format))
			{
				barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eStencil;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor;
		}

		vk::PipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
		vk::PipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

		if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eNone;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;

			sourceStage      = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe;
			destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead;

			sourceStage      = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer;
			destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined && newLayout == vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eNone;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite;

			sourceStage      = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe;
			destinationStage = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eEarlyFragmentTests;
		}
		else
		{
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}

		commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(
		    sourceStage,
		    destinationStage,
		    {},
		    std::array<vk::MemoryBarrier, 0>{},
		    std::array<vk::BufferMemoryBarrier, 0>{},
		    std::array<vk::ImageMemoryBarrier, 1>{barrier});

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	vk::raii::CommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands()
	{
		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .commandPool        = *commandPool,
		    .level              = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
		    .commandBufferCount = 1};

		vk::raii::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = std::move(device.allocateCommandBuffers(allocInfo).front());

		vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{
		    .flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit};

		commandBuffer.begin(beginInfo);

		return commandBuffer;
	}

	void endSingleTimeCommands(vk::raii::CommandBuffer &commandBuffer)
	{
		commandBuffer.end();

		vk::SubmitInfo submitInfo{
		    .commandBufferCount = 1,
		    .pCommandBuffers    = &*commandBuffer};

		queue.submit(submitInfo, nullptr);
		queue.waitIdle();
	}

	void loadModel()
	{
		tinyobj::attrib_t                attrib;
		std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t>    shapes;
		std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
		std::string                      warn, err;

		if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str()))
		{
			throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
		}

		std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};

		for (const auto &shape : shapes)
		{
			for (const auto &index : shape.mesh.indices)
			{
				Vertex vertex{};

				vertex.pos = {
				    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
				    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
				    attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]};

				vertex.texCoord = {
				    attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
				    1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]};

				vertex.color = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};

				if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0)
				{
					uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
					vertices.push_back(vertex);
				}

				indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
			}
		}
	}

	void createCommandBuffers()
	{
		commandBuffers.reserve(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{
		    .commandPool        = *commandPool,
		    .level              = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary,
		    .commandBufferCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT)};

		commandBuffers = device.allocateCommandBuffers(allocInfo);
	}

	void recordCommandBuffer(uint32_t imageIndex)
	{
		auto &commandBuffer = commandBuffers[frameIndex];
		commandBuffer.begin({});

		// Transition the attachments to the correct layouts for dynamic rendering

		// Before starting rendering, transition the swapchain image to COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
		// 1) Multisampled color attachment image -> ColorAttachmentOptimal
		transition_image_layout(
		    *colorImage,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,
		    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor);
		// 2) Depth attachment image -> DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal
		transition_image_layout(
		    *depthImage,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eDepthAttachmentOptimal,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eLateFragmentTests,
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eLateFragmentTests,
		    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth);
		// 3) Resolve (swapchain) image -> ColorAttachmentOptimal
		transition_image_layout(
		    swapChainImages[imageIndex],
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    {},                                                        // srcAccessMask (no need to wait for previous operations)
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // dstAccessMask
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // dstStage
		    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor);

		// Clear values for color and depth
		vk::ClearValue clearColor{};
		clearColor.color = vk::ClearColorValue(std::array<float, 4>{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f});

		vk::ClearValue clearDepth{};
		clearDepth.depthStencil = vk::ClearDepthStencilValue{1.0f, 0};

		std::array<vk::ClearValue, 2> clearValues = {clearColor, clearDepth};

		// Use different rendering approach based on profile support
		if (appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			// Use dynamic rendering with the KHR roadmap 2022 profile
			vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo colorAttachment{
			    .imageView          = *colorImageView,
			    .imageLayout        = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
			    .resolveMode        = vk::ResolveModeFlagBits::eAverage,
			    .resolveImageView   = *swapChainImageViews[imageIndex],
			    .resolveImageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
			    .loadOp             = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
			    .storeOp            = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
			    .clearValue         = clearColor};

			vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo depthAttachment{
			    .imageView   = *depthImageView,
			    .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal,
			    .loadOp      = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
			    .storeOp     = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare,
			    .clearValue  = clearDepth};

			vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo{
			    .renderArea           = {{0, 0}, swapChainExtent},
			    .layerCount           = 1,
			    .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
			    .pColorAttachments    = &colorAttachment,
			    .pDepthAttachment     = &depthAttachment};

			commandBuffer.beginRendering(renderingInfo);
		}
		else
		{
			// Use traditional render pass if not using the KHR roadmap 2022 profile
			vk::RenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{
			    .renderPass      = *renderPass,
			    .framebuffer     = *swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex],
			    .renderArea      = {{0, 0}, swapChainExtent},
			    .clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size()),
			    .pClearValues    = clearValues.data()};

			commandBuffer.beginRenderPass(renderPassInfo, vk::SubpassContents::eInline);
		}

		commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *graphicsPipeline);

		vk::Viewport viewport{
		    .x        = 0.0f,
		    .y        = 0.0f,
		    .width    = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width),
		    .height   = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height),
		    .minDepth = 0.0f,
		    .maxDepth = 1.0f};
		commandBuffer.setViewport(0, viewport);

		vk::Rect2D scissor{
		    .offset = {0, 0},
		    .extent = swapChainExtent};
		commandBuffer.setScissor(0, scissor);

		commandBuffer.bindVertexBuffers(0, *vertexBuffer, {0});
		commandBuffer.bindIndexBuffer(*indexBuffer, 0, vk::IndexType::eUint32);
		commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *pipelineLayout, 0, *descriptorSets[frameIndex], nullptr);
		commandBuffer.drawIndexed(static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

		if (appInfo.profileSupported)
		{
			commandBuffer.endRendering();

			// Transition the swapchain image to the correct layout for presentation
			transition_image_layout(
			    swapChainImages[imageIndex],
			    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
			    vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
			    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // srcAccessMask
			    {},                                                        // dstAccessMask
			    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
			    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eBottomOfPipe,                 // dstStage
			    vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor);
		}
		else
		{
			commandBuffer.endRenderPass();
			// Traditional render pass already transitions the image to the correct layout
		}

		commandBuffer.end();
	}

	void transition_image_layout(
	    vk::Image               image,
	    vk::ImageLayout         old_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout         new_layout,
	    vk::AccessFlags2        src_access_mask,
	    vk::AccessFlags2        dst_access_mask,
	    vk::PipelineStageFlags2 src_stage_mask,
	    vk::PipelineStageFlags2 dst_stage_mask,
	    vk::ImageAspectFlags    image_aspect_flags)
	{
		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier = {
		    .srcStageMask        = src_stage_mask,
		    .srcAccessMask       = src_access_mask,
		    .dstStageMask        = dst_stage_mask,
		    .dstAccessMask       = dst_access_mask,
		    .oldLayout           = old_layout,
		    .newLayout           = new_layout,
		    .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .image               = image,
		    .subresourceRange    = {
		           .aspectMask     = image_aspect_flags,
		           .baseMipLevel   = 0,
		           .levelCount     = 1,
		           .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		           .layerCount     = 1}};
		vk::DependencyInfo dependency_info = {
		    .dependencyFlags         = {},
		    .imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
		    .pImageMemoryBarriers    = &barrier};
		commandBuffers[frameIndex].pipelineBarrier2(dependency_info);
	}

	void createSyncObjects()
	{
		imageAvailableSemaphores.reserve(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.reserve(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.reserve(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		presentCompleteSemaphore.reserve(swapChainImages.size());

		vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
		vk::FenceCreateInfo     fenceInfo{
		        .flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled};

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			imageAvailableSemaphores.push_back(device.createSemaphore(semaphoreInfo));
			renderFinishedSemaphores.push_back(device.createSemaphore(semaphoreInfo));
			inFlightFences.push_back(device.createFence(fenceInfo));
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++)
		{
			presentCompleteSemaphore.push_back(device.createSemaphore(semaphoreInfo));
		}
	}

	void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage)
	{
		static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

		auto  currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float time        = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

		UniformBufferObject ubo{};
		ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.view  = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.proj  = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float) swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
		ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

		memcpy(uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
	}

	void drawFrame()
	{
		vk::Result fenceResult = device.waitForFences({*inFlightFences[frameIndex]}, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
		if (fenceResult != vk::Result::eSuccess)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to wait for fence!");
		}

		auto [result, imageIndex] = swapChain.acquireNextImage(UINT64_MAX, *imageAvailableSemaphores[frameIndex], nullptr);

		// Due to VULKAN_HPP_HANDLE_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_AS_SUCCESS being defined, eErrorOutOfDateKHR can be checked as a result
		// here and does not need to be caught by an exception.
		if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR)
		{
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		// On other success codes than eSuccess and eSuboptimalKHR we just throw an exception.
		// On any error code, aquireNextImage already threw an exception.
		if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess && result != vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR)
		{
			assert(result == vk::Result::eTimeout || result == vk::Result::eNotReady);
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		updateUniformBuffer(frameIndex);

		// Only reset the fence if we are submitting work
		device.resetFences(*inFlightFences[frameIndex]);

		commandBuffers[frameIndex].reset();
		recordCommandBuffer(imageIndex);

		vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDestinationStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput);
		const vk::SubmitInfo   submitInfo{
		      .waitSemaphoreCount   = 1,
		      .pWaitSemaphores      = &*imageAvailableSemaphores[frameIndex],
		      .pWaitDstStageMask    = &waitDestinationStageMask,
		      .commandBufferCount   = 1,
		      .pCommandBuffers      = &*commandBuffers[frameIndex],
		      .signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
		      .pSignalSemaphores    = &*presentCompleteSemaphore[imageIndex]};
		queue.submit(submitInfo, *inFlightFences[frameIndex]);

		const vk::PresentInfoKHR presentInfoKHR{.waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
		                                        .pWaitSemaphores    = &*presentCompleteSemaphore[imageIndex],
		                                        .swapchainCount     = 1,
		                                        .pSwapchains        = &*swapChain,
		                                        .pImageIndices      = &imageIndex};
		result = queue.presentKHR(presentInfoKHR);
		// Due to VULKAN_HPP_HANDLE_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_AS_SUCCESS being defined, eErrorOutOfDateKHR can be checked as a result
		// here and does not need to be caught by an exception.
		if ((result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) || (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) || framebufferResized)
		{
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else
		{
			// There are no other success codes than eSuccess; on any error code, presentKHR already threw an exception.
			assert(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
		}
		frameIndex = (frameIndex + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	vk::SampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount()
	{
		vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties = physicalDevice.getProperties();

		vk::SampleCountFlags counts = physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts & physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts;
		if (counts & vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e64)
		{
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e64;
		}
		if (counts & vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e32)
		{
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e32;
		}
		if (counts & vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e16)
		{
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e16;
		}
		if (counts & vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8)
		{
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e8;
		}
		if (counts & vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4)
		{
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e4;
		}
		if (counts & vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2)
		{
			return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e2;
		}

		return vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1;
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties)
	{
		vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties = physicalDevice.getMemoryProperties();

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
		{
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties)
			{
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	static uint32_t chooseSwapMinImageCount(vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const &surfaceCapabilities)
	{
		auto minImageCount = std::max(3u, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount);
		if ((0 < surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount) && (surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount < minImageCount))
		{
			minImageCount = surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount;
		}
		return minImageCount;
	}

	static vk::SurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> &availableFormats)
	{
		assert(!availableFormats.empty());
		const auto formatIt = std::ranges::find_if(
		    availableFormats,
		    [](const auto &format) { return format.format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Srgb && format.colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear; });
		return formatIt != availableFormats.end() ? *formatIt : availableFormats[0];
	}

	static vk::PresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR> const &availablePresentModes)
	{
		assert(std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes, [](auto presentMode) { return presentMode == vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo; }));
		return std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes,
		                           [](const vk::PresentModeKHR value) { return vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox == value; }) ?
		           vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox :
		           vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
	}

	vk::Extent2D chooseSwapExtent(vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const &capabilities)
	{
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
		{
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		int width, height;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

		return {
		    std::clamp<uint32_t>(width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width),
		    std::clamp<uint32_t>(height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height)};
	}

	std::vector<const char *> getRequiredInstanceExtensions()
	{
		// Get the required extensions from GLFW
		uint32_t    glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		auto        glfwExtensions     = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		std::vector extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

		// Check if the debug utils extension is available
		std::vector<vk::ExtensionProperties> props               = context.enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties();
		bool                                 debugUtilsAvailable = std::ranges::any_of(props,
		                                                                               [](vk::ExtensionProperties const &ep) {
                                                           return strcmp(ep.extensionName, vk::EXTDebugUtilsExtensionName) == 0;
                                                       });

		// Always include the debug utils extension if available
		// This allows validation layers to be enabled via vulkanconfig
		if (debugUtilsAvailable)
		{
			extensions.push_back(vk::EXTDebugUtilsExtensionName);
		}
		else
		{
			std::cout << "VK_EXT_debug_utils extension not available. Validation layers may not work." << std::endl;
		}

		return extensions;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR vk::Bool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity, vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type, const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData, void *)
	{
		if (severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError || severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning)
		{
			std::cerr << "validation layer: type " << to_string(type) << " msg: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
		}

		return vk::False;
	}

	vk::raii::ShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char> &code)
	{
		vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{.codeSize = code.size(), .pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(code.data())};
		vk::raii::ShaderModule     shaderModule{device, createInfo};

		return shaderModule;
	}

	static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string &filename)
	{
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

		if (!file.is_open())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
		}
		std::vector<char> buffer(file.tellg());
		file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
		file.read(buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(buffer.size()));
		file.close();

		return buffer;
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(vk::raii::PhysicalDevice device)
	{
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;
		details.capabilities = device.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(*surface);
		details.formats      = device.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(*surface);
		details.presentModes = device.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(*surface);

		return details;
	}
};

int main()
{
	try
	{
		HelloTriangleApplication app;
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception &e)
	{
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}