23_descriptor_sets.cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <assert.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

#if defined(__INTELLISENSE__) || !defined(USE_CPP20_MODULES)
#	include <vulkan/vulkan_raii.hpp>
#else
import vulkan_hpp;
#endif

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN        // REQUIRED only for GLFW CreateWindowSurface.
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

constexpr uint32_t WIDTH                = 800;
constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT               = 600;
constexpr int      MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector<char const *> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};

#ifdef NDEBUG
constexpr bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
constexpr bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

struct Vertex
{
	glm::vec2 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;

	static vk::VertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription()
	{
		return {.binding = 0, .stride = sizeof(Vertex), .inputRate = vk::VertexInputRate::eVertex};
	}

	static std::array<vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> getAttributeDescriptions()
	{
		return {{{.location = 0, .binding = 0, .format = vk::Format::eR32G32Sfloat, .offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos)},
		         {.location = 1, .binding = 0, .format = vk::Format::eR32G32B32Sfloat, .offset = offsetof(Vertex, color)}}};
	}
};

struct UniformBufferObject
{
	glm::mat4 model;
	glm::mat4 view;
	glm::mat4 proj;
};

const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
    {{-0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
    {{0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
    {{0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
    {{-0.5f, 0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}}};

const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {
    0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0};

class HelloTriangleApplication
{
  public:
	void run()
	{
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}

  private:
	GLFWwindow                      *window = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Context                context;
	vk::raii::Instance               instance       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger = nullptr;
	vk::raii::SurfaceKHR             surface        = nullptr;
	vk::raii::PhysicalDevice         physicalDevice = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Device                 device         = nullptr;
	uint32_t                         queueIndex     = ~0;
	vk::raii::Queue                  queue          = nullptr;
	vk::raii::SwapchainKHR           swapChain      = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::Image>           swapChainImages;
	vk::SurfaceFormatKHR             swapChainSurfaceFormat;
	vk::Extent2D                     swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<vk::raii::ImageView> swapChainImageViews;

	vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout = nullptr;
	vk::raii::PipelineLayout      pipelineLayout      = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Pipeline            graphicsPipeline    = nullptr;

	vk::raii::Buffer       vertexBuffer       = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory = nullptr;
	vk::raii::Buffer       indexBuffer        = nullptr;
	vk::raii::DeviceMemory indexBufferMemory  = nullptr;

	std::vector<vk::raii::Buffer>       uniformBuffers;
	std::vector<vk::raii::DeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;
	std::vector<void *>                 uniformBuffersMapped;

	vk::raii::DescriptorPool             descriptorPool = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::DescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

	vk::raii::CommandPool                commandPool = nullptr;
	std::vector<vk::raii::CommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore> presentCompleteSemaphores;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Semaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<vk::raii::Fence>     inFlightFences;
	uint32_t                         frameIndex = 0;

	bool framebufferResized = false;

	std::vector<const char *> requiredDeviceExtension = {
	    vk::KHRSwapchainExtensionName};

	void initWindow()
	{
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_TRUE);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height)
	{
		auto app                = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication *>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}

	void initVulkan()
	{
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createCommandPool();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSyncObjects();
	}

	void mainLoop()
	{
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
		{
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}

		device.waitIdle();
	}

	void cleanupSwapChain()
	{
		swapChainImageViews.clear();
		swapChain = nullptr;
	}

	void cleanup()
	{
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);

		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void recreateSwapChain()
	{
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0)
		{
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}

		device.waitIdle();

		cleanupSwapChain();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
	}

	void createInstance()
	{
		constexpr vk::ApplicationInfo appInfo{.pApplicationName   = "Hello Triangle",
		                                      .applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
		                                      .pEngineName        = "No Engine",
		                                      .engineVersion      = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0),
		                                      .apiVersion         = vk::ApiVersion14};

		// Get the required layers
		std::vector<char const *> requiredLayers;
		if (enableValidationLayers)
		{
			requiredLayers.assign(validationLayers.begin(), validationLayers.end());
		}

		// Check if the required layers are supported by the Vulkan implementation.
		auto layerProperties    = context.enumerateInstanceLayerProperties();
		auto unsupportedLayerIt = std::ranges::find_if(requiredLayers,
		                                               [&layerProperties](auto const &requiredLayer) {
			                                               return std::ranges::none_of(layerProperties,
			                                                                           [requiredLayer](auto const &layerProperty) { return strcmp(layerProperty.layerName, requiredLayer) == 0; });
		                                               });
		if (unsupportedLayerIt != requiredLayers.end())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("Required layer not supported: " + std::string(*unsupportedLayerIt));
		}

		// Get the required extensions.
		auto requiredExtensions = getRequiredInstanceExtensions();

		// Check if the required extensions are supported by the Vulkan implementation.
		auto extensionProperties = context.enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties();
		auto unsupportedPropertyIt =
		    std::ranges::find_if(requiredExtensions,
		                         [&extensionProperties](auto const &requiredExtension) {
			                         return std::ranges::none_of(extensionProperties,
			                                                     [requiredExtension](auto const &extensionProperty) { return strcmp(extensionProperty.extensionName, requiredExtension) == 0; });
		                         });
		if (unsupportedPropertyIt != requiredExtensions.end())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("Required extension not supported: " + std::string(*unsupportedPropertyIt));
		}

		vk::InstanceCreateInfo createInfo{.pApplicationInfo        = &appInfo,
		                                  .enabledLayerCount       = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredLayers.size()),
		                                  .ppEnabledLayerNames     = requiredLayers.data(),
		                                  .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredExtensions.size()),
		                                  .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredExtensions.data()};
		instance = vk::raii::Instance(context, createInfo);
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger()
	{
		if (!enableValidationLayers)
			return;

		vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severityFlags(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning |
		                                                    vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError);
		vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT     messageTypeFlags(
		    vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eGeneral | vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::ePerformance | vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eValidation);
		vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT{.messageSeverity = severityFlags,
		                                                                      .messageType     = messageTypeFlags,
		                                                                      .pfnUserCallback = &debugCallback};
		debugMessenger = instance.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(debugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT);
	}

	void createSurface()
	{
		VkSurfaceKHR _surface;
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(*instance, window, nullptr, &_surface) != 0)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
		surface = vk::raii::SurfaceKHR(instance, _surface);
	}

	bool isDeviceSuitable(vk::raii::PhysicalDevice const &physicalDevice)
	{
		// Check if the physicalDevice supports the Vulkan 1.3 API version
		bool supportsVulkan1_3 = physicalDevice.getProperties().apiVersion >= VK_API_VERSION_1_3;

		// Check if any of the queue families support graphics operations
		auto queueFamilies    = physicalDevice.getQueueFamilyProperties();
		bool supportsGraphics = std::ranges::any_of(queueFamilies, [](auto const &qfp) { return !!(qfp.queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics); });

		// Check if all required physicalDevice extensions are available
		auto availableDeviceExtensions = physicalDevice.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties();
		bool supportsAllRequiredExtensions =
		    std::ranges::all_of(requiredDeviceExtension,
		                        [&availableDeviceExtensions](auto const &requiredDeviceExtension) {
			                        return std::ranges::any_of(availableDeviceExtensions,
			                                                   [requiredDeviceExtension](auto const &availableDeviceExtension) { return strcmp(availableDeviceExtension.extensionName, requiredDeviceExtension) == 0; });
		                        });

		// Check if the physicalDevice supports the required features
		auto features                 = physicalDevice.template getFeatures2<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2,
		                                                                     vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features,
		                                                                     vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features,
		                                                                     vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>();
		bool supportsRequiredFeatures = features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features>().shaderDrawParameters &&
		                                features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features>().dynamicRendering &&
		                                features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features>().synchronization2 &&
		                                features.template get<vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>().extendedDynamicState;

		// Return true if the physicalDevice meets all the criteria
		return supportsVulkan1_3 && supportsGraphics && supportsAllRequiredExtensions && supportsRequiredFeatures;
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice()
	{
		std::vector<vk::raii::PhysicalDevice> physicalDevices = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices();
		auto const                            devIter         = std::ranges::find_if(physicalDevices, [&](auto const &physicalDevice) { return isDeviceSuitable(physicalDevice); });
		if (devIter == physicalDevices.end())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
		physicalDevice = *devIter;
	}

	void createLogicalDevice()
	{
		std::vector<vk::QueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilyProperties = physicalDevice.getQueueFamilyProperties();

		// get the first index into queueFamilyProperties which supports both graphics and present
		for (uint32_t qfpIndex = 0; qfpIndex < queueFamilyProperties.size(); qfpIndex++)
		{
			if ((queueFamilyProperties[qfpIndex].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) &&
			    physicalDevice.getSurfaceSupportKHR(qfpIndex, *surface))
			{
				// found a queue family that supports both graphics and present
				queueIndex = qfpIndex;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (queueIndex == ~0)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("Could not find a queue for graphics and present -> terminating");
		}

		// query for required features (Vulkan 1.1 and 1.3)
		vk::StructureChain<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2,
		                   vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features,
		                   vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features,
		                   vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT>
		    featureChain = {
		        {},                                                          // vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2
		        {.shaderDrawParameters = true},                              // vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan11Features
		        {.synchronization2 = true, .dynamicRendering = true},        // vk::PhysicalDeviceVulkan13Features
		        {.extendedDynamicState = true}                               // vk::PhysicalDeviceExtendedDynamicStateFeaturesEXT
		    };

		// create a Device
		float                     queuePriority = 0.5f;
		vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo deviceQueueCreateInfo{.queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex, .queueCount = 1, .pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority};
		vk::DeviceCreateInfo      deviceCreateInfo{.pNext                   = &featureChain.get<vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures2>(),
		                                           .queueCreateInfoCount    = 1,
		                                           .pQueueCreateInfos       = &deviceQueueCreateInfo,
		                                           .enabledExtensionCount   = static_cast<uint32_t>(requiredDeviceExtension.size()),
		                                           .ppEnabledExtensionNames = requiredDeviceExtension.data()};

		device = vk::raii::Device(physicalDevice, deviceCreateInfo);
		queue  = vk::raii::Queue(device, queueIndex, 0);
	}

	void createSwapChain()
	{
		vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfaceCapabilities = physicalDevice.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(*surface);
		swapChainExtent                                = chooseSwapExtent(surfaceCapabilities);
		uint32_t minImageCount                         = chooseSwapMinImageCount(surfaceCapabilities);

		std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> availableFormats = physicalDevice.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(*surface);
		swapChainSurfaceFormat                             = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(availableFormats);

		std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR> availablePresentModes = physicalDevice.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(*surface);
		vk::PresentModeKHR              presentMode           = chooseSwapPresentMode(availablePresentModes);

		vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR swapChainCreateInfo{.surface          = *surface,
		                                               .minImageCount    = minImageCount,
		                                               .imageFormat      = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		                                               .imageColorSpace  = swapChainSurfaceFormat.colorSpace,
		                                               .imageExtent      = swapChainExtent,
		                                               .imageArrayLayers = 1,
		                                               .imageUsage       = vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment,
		                                               .imageSharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive,
		                                               .preTransform     = surfaceCapabilities.currentTransform,
		                                               .compositeAlpha   = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
		                                               .presentMode      = presentMode,
		                                               .clipped          = true};

		swapChain       = vk::raii::SwapchainKHR(device, swapChainCreateInfo);
		swapChainImages = swapChain.getImages();
	}

	void createImageViews()
	{
		assert(swapChainImageViews.empty());

		vk::ImageViewCreateInfo imageViewCreateInfo{.viewType         = vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
		                                            .format           = swapChainSurfaceFormat.format,
		                                            .subresourceRange = {vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1}};
		for (auto &image : swapChainImages)
		{
			imageViewCreateInfo.image = image;
			swapChainImageViews.emplace_back(device, imageViewCreateInfo);
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorSetLayout()
	{
		vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{
		    .binding = 0, .descriptorType = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, .descriptorCount = 1, .stageFlags = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex};
		vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{.bindingCount = 1, .pBindings = &uboLayoutBinding};
		descriptorSetLayout = vk::raii::DescriptorSetLayout(device, layoutInfo);
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline()
	{
		vk::raii::ShaderModule shaderModule = createShaderModule(readFile("shaders/slang.spv"));

		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{.stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex, .module = shaderModule, .pName = "vertMain"};
		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{.stage = vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment, .module = shaderModule, .pName = "fragMain"};
		vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

		auto                                     bindingDescription    = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto                                     attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
		vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo   vertexInputInfo{.vertexBindingDescriptionCount   = 1,
		                                                         .pVertexBindingDescriptions      = &bindingDescription,
		                                                         .vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size()),
		                                                         .pVertexAttributeDescriptions    = attributeDescriptions.data()};
		vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{.topology = vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList};
		vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo      viewportState{.viewportCount = 1, .scissorCount = 1};

		vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{.depthClampEnable        = vk::False,
		                                                    .rasterizerDiscardEnable = vk::False,
		                                                    .polygonMode             = vk::PolygonMode::eFill,
		                                                    .cullMode                = vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack,
		                                                    .frontFace               = vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise,
		                                                    .depthBiasEnable         = vk::False,
		                                                    .lineWidth               = 1.0f};

		vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{.rasterizationSamples = vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1, .sampleShadingEnable = vk::False};

		vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{
		    .blendEnable    = vk::False,
		    .colorWriteMask = vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA};

		vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{
		    .logicOpEnable = vk::False, .logicOp = vk::LogicOp::eCopy, .attachmentCount = 1, .pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment};

		std::vector<vk::DynamicState>      dynamicStates = {vk::DynamicState::eViewport, vk::DynamicState::eScissor};
		vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size()), .pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data()};

		vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{.setLayoutCount = 1, .pSetLayouts = &*descriptorSetLayout, .pushConstantRangeCount = 0};
		pipelineLayout = vk::raii::PipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayoutInfo);

		vk::StructureChain<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo, vk::PipelineRenderingCreateInfo> pipelineCreateInfoChain = {
		    {.stageCount          = 2,
		     .pStages             = shaderStages,
		     .pVertexInputState   = &vertexInputInfo,
		     .pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
		     .pViewportState      = &viewportState,
		     .pRasterizationState = &rasterizer,
		     .pMultisampleState   = &multisampling,
		     .pColorBlendState    = &colorBlending,
		     .pDynamicState       = &dynamicState,
		     .layout              = pipelineLayout,
		     .renderPass          = nullptr},
		    {.colorAttachmentCount = 1, .pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapChainSurfaceFormat.format}};

		graphicsPipeline = vk::raii::Pipeline(device, nullptr, pipelineCreateInfoChain.get<vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo>());
	}

	void createCommandPool()
	{
		vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{.flags            = vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer,
		                                   .queueFamilyIndex = queueIndex};
		commandPool = vk::raii::CommandPool(device, poolInfo);
	}

	std::pair<vk::raii::Buffer, vk::raii::DeviceMemory> createBuffer(vk::DeviceSize size, vk::BufferUsageFlags usage, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties)
	{
		vk::BufferCreateInfo   bufferInfo{.size = size, .usage = usage, .sharingMode = vk::SharingMode::eExclusive};
		vk::raii::Buffer       buffer          = vk::raii::Buffer(device, bufferInfo);
		vk::MemoryRequirements memRequirements = buffer.getMemoryRequirements();
		vk::MemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{.allocationSize = memRequirements.size, .memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties)};
		vk::raii::DeviceMemory bufferMemory = vk::raii::DeviceMemory(device, allocInfo);
		buffer.bindMemory(*bufferMemory, 0);
		return {std::move(buffer), std::move(bufferMemory)};
	}

	void createVertexBuffer()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

		auto [stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory] =
		    createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);

		void *dataStaging = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		memcpy(dataStaging, vertices.data(), bufferSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		std::tie(vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory) =
		    createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eVertexBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);
	}

	void createIndexBuffer()
	{
		vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		auto [stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory] =
		    createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);

		void *data = stagingBufferMemory.mapMemory(0, bufferSize);
		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
		stagingBufferMemory.unmapMemory();

		std::tie(indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory) =
		    createBuffer(bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eIndexBuffer | vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);
	}

	void createUniformBuffers()
	{
		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			vk::DeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
			auto [buffer, bufferMem]  = createBuffer(
			    bufferSize, vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
			uniformBuffers.emplace_back(std::move(buffer));
			uniformBuffersMemory.emplace_back(std::move(bufferMem));
			uniformBuffersMapped.emplace_back(uniformBuffersMemory.back().mapMemory(0, bufferSize));
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorPool()
	{
		vk::DescriptorPoolSize       poolSize{.type = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer, .descriptorCount = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT};
		vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{.flags = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateFlagBits::eFreeDescriptorSet, .maxSets = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, .poolSizeCount = 1, .pPoolSizes = &poolSize};
		descriptorPool = vk::raii::DescriptorPool(device, poolInfo);
	}

	void createDescriptorSets()
	{
		std::vector<vk::DescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, *descriptorSetLayout);
		vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo        allocInfo{.descriptorPool     = descriptorPool,
		                                               .descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(layouts.size()),
		                                               .pSetLayouts        = layouts.data()};

		descriptorSets = device.allocateDescriptorSets(allocInfo);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			vk::DescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{.buffer = uniformBuffers[i], .offset = 0, .range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject)};
			vk::WriteDescriptorSet   descriptorWrite{.dstSet          = descriptorSets[i],
			                                         .dstBinding      = 0,
			                                         .dstArrayElement = 0,
			                                         .descriptorCount = 1,
			                                         .descriptorType  = vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer,
			                                         .pBufferInfo     = &bufferInfo};
			device.updateDescriptorSets(descriptorWrite, {});
		}
	}

	void copyBuffer(vk::raii::Buffer &srcBuffer, vk::raii::Buffer &dstBuffer, vk::DeviceSize size)
	{
		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{.commandPool = commandPool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = 1};
		vk::raii::CommandBuffer       commandCopyBuffer = std::move(device.allocateCommandBuffers(allocInfo).front());
		commandCopyBuffer.begin({.flags = vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eOneTimeSubmit});
		commandCopyBuffer.copyBuffer(*srcBuffer, *dstBuffer, vk::BufferCopy(0, 0, size));
		commandCopyBuffer.end();
		queue.submit(vk::SubmitInfo{.commandBufferCount = 1, .pCommandBuffers = &*commandCopyBuffer}, nullptr);
		queue.waitIdle();
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties)
	{
		vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties = physicalDevice.getMemoryProperties();

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
		{
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties)
			{
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	void createCommandBuffers()
	{
		commandBuffers.clear();
		vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{.commandPool = commandPool, .level = vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary, .commandBufferCount = MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT};
		commandBuffers = vk::raii::CommandBuffers(device, allocInfo);
	}

	void recordCommandBuffer(uint32_t imageIndex)
	{
		auto &commandBuffer = commandBuffers[frameIndex];
		commandBuffer.begin({});

		// Before starting rendering, transition the swapchain image to vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal
		transition_image_layout(
		    imageIndex,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    {},                                                        // srcAccessMask (no need to wait for previous operations)
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // dstAccessMask
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput         // dstStage
		);
		vk::ClearValue              clearColor     = vk::ClearColorValue(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
		vk::RenderingAttachmentInfo attachmentInfo = {
		    .imageView   = swapChainImageViews[imageIndex],
		    .imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    .loadOp      = vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear,
		    .storeOp     = vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore,
		    .clearValue  = clearColor};
		vk::RenderingInfo renderingInfo = {
		    .renderArea           = {.offset = {0, 0}, .extent = swapChainExtent},
		    .layerCount           = 1,
		    .colorAttachmentCount = 1,
		    .pColorAttachments    = &attachmentInfo};
		commandBuffer.beginRendering(renderingInfo);
		commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, *graphicsPipeline);
		commandBuffer.setViewport(0, vk::Viewport(0.0f, 0.0f, static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width), static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height), 0.0f, 1.0f));
		commandBuffer.setScissor(0, vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), swapChainExtent));
		commandBuffer.bindVertexBuffers(0, *vertexBuffer, {0});
		commandBuffer.bindIndexBuffer(*indexBuffer, 0, vk::IndexTypeValue<decltype(indices)::value_type>::value);
		commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipelineLayout, 0, *descriptorSets[frameIndex], nullptr);
		commandBuffer.drawIndexed(static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);
		commandBuffer.endRendering();

		// After rendering, transition the swapchain image to vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR
		transition_image_layout(
		    imageIndex,
		    vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal,
		    vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR,
		    vk::AccessFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentWrite,                // srcAccessMask
		    {},                                                        // dstAccessMask
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eColorAttachmentOutput,        // srcStage
		    vk::PipelineStageFlagBits2::eBottomOfPipe                  // dstStage
		);
		commandBuffer.end();
	}

	void transition_image_layout(
	    uint32_t                imageIndex,
	    vk::ImageLayout         old_layout,
	    vk::ImageLayout         new_layout,
	    vk::AccessFlags2        src_access_mask,
	    vk::AccessFlags2        dst_access_mask,
	    vk::PipelineStageFlags2 src_stage_mask,
	    vk::PipelineStageFlags2 dst_stage_mask)
	{
		vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier = {
		    .srcStageMask        = src_stage_mask,
		    .srcAccessMask       = src_access_mask,
		    .dstStageMask        = dst_stage_mask,
		    .dstAccessMask       = dst_access_mask,
		    .oldLayout           = old_layout,
		    .newLayout           = new_layout,
		    .srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED,
		    .image               = swapChainImages[imageIndex],
		    .subresourceRange    = {
		        .aspectMask     = vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor,
		        .baseMipLevel   = 0,
		        .levelCount     = 1,
		        .baseArrayLayer = 0,
		        .layerCount     = 1}};
		vk::DependencyInfo dependency_info = {
		    .dependencyFlags         = {},
		    .imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
		    .pImageMemoryBarriers    = &barrier};
		commandBuffers[frameIndex].pipelineBarrier2(dependency_info);
	}

	void createSyncObjects()
	{
		assert(presentCompleteSemaphores.empty() && renderFinishedSemaphores.empty() && inFlightFences.empty());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++)
		{
			renderFinishedSemaphores.emplace_back(device, vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo());
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++)
		{
			presentCompleteSemaphores.emplace_back(device, vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo());
			inFlightFences.emplace_back(device, vk::FenceCreateInfo{.flags = vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled});
		}
	}

	void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage)
	{
		static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

		auto  currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float time        = std::chrono::duration<float>(currentTime - startTime).count();

		UniformBufferObject ubo{};
		ubo.model = rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.view  = lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.proj =
		    glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width) / static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height), 0.1f, 10.0f);
		ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

		memcpy(uniformBuffersMapped[currentImage], &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
	}

	void drawFrame()
	{
		// Note: inFlightFences, presentCompleteSemaphores, and commandBuffers are indexed by frameIndex,
		//       while renderFinishedSemaphores is indexed by imageIndex
		auto fenceResult = device.waitForFences(*inFlightFences[frameIndex], vk::True, UINT64_MAX);
		if (fenceResult != vk::Result::eSuccess)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to wait for fence!");
		}

		auto [result, imageIndex] = swapChain.acquireNextImage(UINT64_MAX, *presentCompleteSemaphores[frameIndex], nullptr);

		// Due to VULKAN_HPP_HANDLE_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_AS_SUCCESS being defined, eErrorOutOfDateKHR can be checked as a result
		// here and does not need to be caught by an exception.
		if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR)
		{
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		// On other success codes than eSuccess and eSuboptimalKHR we just throw an exception.
		// On any error code, aquireNextImage already threw an exception.
		if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess && result != vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR)
		{
			assert(result == vk::Result::eTimeout || result == vk::Result::eNotReady);
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}
		updateUniformBuffer(frameIndex);

		// Only reset the fence if we are submitting work
		device.resetFences(*inFlightFences[frameIndex]);

		commandBuffers[frameIndex].reset();
		recordCommandBuffer(imageIndex);

		vk::PipelineStageFlags waitDestinationStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput);
		const vk::SubmitInfo   submitInfo{.waitSemaphoreCount   = 1,
		                                  .pWaitSemaphores      = &*presentCompleteSemaphores[frameIndex],
		                                  .pWaitDstStageMask    = &waitDestinationStageMask,
		                                  .commandBufferCount   = 1,
		                                  .pCommandBuffers      = &*commandBuffers[frameIndex],
		                                  .signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
		                                  .pSignalSemaphores    = &*renderFinishedSemaphores[imageIndex]};
		queue.submit(submitInfo, *inFlightFences[frameIndex]);

		const vk::PresentInfoKHR presentInfoKHR{.waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
		                                        .pWaitSemaphores    = &*renderFinishedSemaphores[imageIndex],
		                                        .swapchainCount     = 1,
		                                        .pSwapchains        = &*swapChain,
		                                        .pImageIndices      = &imageIndex};
		result = queue.presentKHR(presentInfoKHR);
		// Due to VULKAN_HPP_HANDLE_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_AS_SUCCESS being defined, eErrorOutOfDateKHR can be checked as a result
		// here and does not need to be caught by an exception.
		if ((result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) || (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) || framebufferResized)
		{
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else
		{
			// There are no other success codes than eSuccess; on any error code, presentKHR already threw an exception.
			assert(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
		}
		frameIndex = (frameIndex + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	[[nodiscard]] vk::raii::ShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char> &code) const
	{
		vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{.codeSize = code.size(), .pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t *>(code.data())};
		vk::raii::ShaderModule     shaderModule{device, createInfo};

		return shaderModule;
	}

	static uint32_t chooseSwapMinImageCount(vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const &surfaceCapabilities)
	{
		auto minImageCount = std::max(3u, surfaceCapabilities.minImageCount);
		if ((0 < surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount) && (surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount < minImageCount))
		{
			minImageCount = surfaceCapabilities.maxImageCount;
		}
		return minImageCount;
	}

	static vk::SurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> &availableFormats)
	{
		assert(!availableFormats.empty());
		const auto formatIt = std::ranges::find_if(
		    availableFormats,
		    [](const auto &format) { return format.format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Srgb && format.colorSpace == vk::ColorSpaceKHR::eSrgbNonlinear; });
		return formatIt != availableFormats.end() ? *formatIt : availableFormats[0];
	}

	static vk::PresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(std::vector<vk::PresentModeKHR> const &availablePresentModes)
	{
		assert(std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes, [](auto presentMode) { return presentMode == vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo; }));
		return std::ranges::any_of(availablePresentModes,
		                           [](const vk::PresentModeKHR value) { return vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox == value; }) ?
		           vk::PresentModeKHR::eMailbox :
		           vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
	}

	vk::Extent2D chooseSwapExtent(vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR const &capabilities)
	{
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
		{
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		int width, height;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

		return {
		    std::clamp<uint32_t>(width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width),
		    std::clamp<uint32_t>(height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height)};
	}

	std::vector<const char *> getRequiredInstanceExtensions()
	{
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		auto     glfwExtensions     = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

		std::vector extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
		if (enableValidationLayers)
		{
			extensions.push_back(vk::EXTDebugUtilsExtensionName);
		}

		return extensions;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR vk::Bool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity, vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type, const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData, void *)
	{
		if (severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError || severity == vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning)
		{
			std::cerr << "validation layer: type " << to_string(type) << " msg: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
		}

		return vk::False;
	}

	static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string &filename)
	{
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
		if (!file.is_open())
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
		}
		std::vector<char> buffer(file.tellg());
		file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
		file.read(buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(buffer.size()));
		file.close();
		return buffer;
	}
};

int main()
{
	try
	{
		HelloTriangleApplication app;
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception &e)
	{
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}